REVISION SLIDES

I. Basics III. The balance sheet


Introduction Current Consumption & Sustainable Production

The Power of Estimation 
Cars 
Wind

Physics concepts 
Planes 
Solar

Energy, force, Newton's laws, power, 
Heating and cooling
flux

Hydroelectricity

Light 
Wave power

Energy density and energy storage 
Food and farming  Tide power

Transferring energy: conservation of 
Public Services  Geothermal
energy, work and heat, entropy 
Gadgets and“stuff”

Units

Population sizes and densities
II. Motivation IV. Making a difference

Climate change 
Efficiency improvements

Modelling the greenhouse effect 
Transport Heating

Energy and CO2

“Quasi-renewables”

Finite fossil fuel supplies

Cleaner fossil fuels

Peak oil

Nuclear  Other countries’

Other fossil fuels

Changes that matter renewables

Examples of energy plans that add

Energy security up

What we can be doing now

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 2

 I. Basics

Introduction

The Power of Estimation

Physics concepts

Energy, force and Newton's laws, work, power, flux

Energy density and energy storage

Transferring energy: conservation of energy, work and heat, entropy

Useful units (and useless ones)

Preferred units for the course

Annoying units

Population sizes and densities (with introduction to exponential
growth)

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 3

 Physics concepts
Physical quantities
• Energy
• Force
• Work
• Power
• Flux
Energy density and energy
storage
Transferring energy
• Energy conservation
• Work and heat
• Entropy

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 4

 Physics concepts

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 5

 Transferring energy
• Conservation of energy
Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but it can be converted between
different forms
• Forms of energy transfer: work and heat
• Work: Energy transfer created by a force acting over a distance
• Heat: Energy transfer that occurs due to a temperature difference
• Entropy
• "Microscopic disorder"
• Measures the number of ways in which the microscopic parts of a system can
be arranged to give the same macroscopic properties
• Energy stored in an "ordered," low-entropy system is more useful
• Energy dissipated as heat is often referred to as "lost" because it is no longer
particularly useful

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 6

 Units Power
SI: 1 W Preferred for this module: 1 kWh/d
1 kW 24 h kWh
1 W  0.024
1000 W 1 d d

Energy
SI: 1 J Preferred for this module: 1 kWh

1 kW 1 min 1 hr 1
1 J 1 W s     kWh
1000 W 60 s 60 min 3600000

Temperature
SI: 1 K (Often) preferred for this module: 1 °C
°C = K – 273
*note: temperature differences are the same in both,
temperature ratios are not!

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 7

 Population growth model
If the population at time t = 0 is N0 and the annual growth rate is r, the
population N(t) at time t is given by
N ( t )  N 0 (1  r )t  N 0e t /T

where the “time-constant” T is given by

1
T 
ln(1  r )
and the “doubling time” is
tD = T ln(2) ≃ 0.7 T
Rule of thumb: if growth rate = x% per yeardoubling time = 70/x years:
Rule of 70
Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 8
 Visualising trends
 If roughly exponential trend: y = eax
ln y = a x , so the slope for plot
ln y against x will be a
 it is common to use log rather than ln
10
so the slope for log10 y against x
will be 0.434 a

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 9

 Population growth model

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 10

 Population growth model

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 11

 Population growth model

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 12

 II. Motivation

Climate change

A toy model of the greenhouse effect

Radiative forcing

Carbon dioxide and climate

Misconceptions

Finite nature of fossil fuels

Characteristics of fossil fuels

Current reliance on fossil fuels

How long can fossil fuels last?

Energy security

Reserves vs consumption in the UK

Geopolitical distribution of fossil fuel reserves

Energy security issues

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 13

 Toy model: Earth and its atmosphere
• The power per unit area received at the Earth's distance from the sun is given
by the solar constant S☉= 1.4 kW/m2

• The average power per unit area received across the whole earth (above the
atmosphere) is S☉/4

• Our final model assumes:

• The Earth's surface radiates like a blackbody
• There is a reflecting layer with albedo A = 0.3
• There is a single layer of atmosphere, modelled as a greybody, which
absorbs flux from the surface and radiates it both upward and downward
• The surface and atmosphere temperatures are found by applying Kirchhoff's law
of thermal radiation (incoming flux = outgoing flux) at each layer of the model

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 14

 A Toy Model of the Greenhouse Effect
Surface
 Absorbs solar radiation: (1 – A) S☉ / 4
 Emits as a blackbody at the surface temperature: σ TS 4
 But it also absorbs radiation emitted downwards by the atmosphere:
ε σ TA 4
Note the subscripts for surface and atmosphere temperature!

So putting all together and labelling all incoming and outgoing radiation,
we have: (next slide)

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 15

 A Toy Model of the Greenhouse Effect
S☉/4 AS☉/4 (1-ε) σ TS4 ε σ T A4

ε ε σ TS4

(1-A)S☉/4 σ TS4 ε σ T A4

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 16

 A Toy Model of the Greenhouse Effect

In thermal equilibrium (surface and atmosphere not heating up or
cooling down), the power going out at each level must exactly match
the power going in
 Input = Output

Can apply this at 3 levels (but only 2 sets of independent constraints)
 Surface
(1-A) S☉/4 + ε σ TA4 = σ TS4
 Atmosphere
ε σ TS4 = 2 ε σ TA4
 Planet (above atmosphere)
S☉/4 = A S☉/4 + (1 – ε) σ TS4 + ε σ TA4

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 17

 Radiative Forcing
• An additional incoming flux DF will change the surface temperature:
F
TS  3
TS 4 (1   2)
• Any change in the parameters of the model can be expressed in terms of an
equivalent change in flux DF
• This effective flux DF is known as the radiative forcing
• Radiative forcing is the difference between the radiation received by Earth’s
surface and the radiation emitted back into space
• The constant of proportionality, λ, between the radiative forcing, ΔF, and
the corresponding change in surface temperature, ΔTS, is called the
climate sensitivity: ΔTS = λ ΔF

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 19

 Anthopogenic Radiative Forcing

Current net levels of anthropogenic (“human-induced”) radiative
forcings are
ΔF ~1.6 W m-2 (2007 AR4 IPCC)

There are both positive radiative forcings (e.g. due to greenhouse
gases) and negative ones (e.g. due to aerosol-induced albedo
changes)

The dominant (and positive) radiative forcing is due to CO2:
ΔFCO2 ~ 1.6 W m-2

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 20

 CO2-driven Radiative Forcing

An approximate formula for the radiative forcing due to CO2 is
ΔF = 5.35 ln(C/C0) W/m2
where C = CO2 concentration (and C0 is a baseline concentration)

So CO2-doubling (C/C0 = 2) corresponds to a radiative forcing of
ΔF = 5.35 ln(C/C0) W/m2 = 5.35 ln 2 W/m2 = 3.7 W/m2
• The climate sensitivity to radiative forcing is
λ ~ 0.8 K per (W/m2 )
• So the expected temperature change (relative to pre-industrial times)
is
ΔT = λ ΔF = (0.8 K m2/W) x (3.7 W/m2) ~ 3 K
• Our toy model gives not very accurate answer for the climate
sensitivity
• (l ~ 0.3 W m-2) because it doesn't incorporate feedback mechanisms
Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 21
 The Suess Effects
The Suess effects provide evidence that the observed increase in CO 2
levels is caused by burning of fossil fuels
• Carbon-14 Suess effect:
• 14C is radioactive and decays into 13N with a half-life of 5370 yrs.
• Fossil fuels come from decayed plants that were buried millions of years ago, so
all their 14C content has decayed
• Burning fossil fuels leads to a lower 14C content in atmospheric CO2
• Carbon-13 Suess effect:
• 13C is stable, but photosynthesis leaves plants deficient in 13C relative to
atmospheric CO2
• Since fossil fuels come from plants, burning them also leads to a lower 13C
content in atmospheric CO2
Both Suess effects are clearly observed in data!

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 23

 How Long Can Fossil Fuels Last?
When will we run out?
Under constant positive growth rate assumptions, fossil fuels can
probably provide our energy needs for “only” about 100 years
However:

The error on this is large (about a factor of 4), both because the total
reserves are uncertain and because the appropriate growth rate to use
is unclear!

It is unphysical to expect that we will be able to extract ever-
diminishing reserves at ever-increasing rates!
 Extraction gets harder and harder, and more and more energy
intensive and expensive
 So technical limitations and increasing prices mean that production
will actually “peak” at some point and then gradually decline

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 24

 Energy Security

As long as the UK is powered mainly by fossil fuels, it will always be heavily
dependent on imports

The UK's own fossil resources can supply consumption at 2008 levels for at
most a few years!

With the partial exception of coal, most of the world's fossil resources are not
in locations that can be viewed as “strategically secure” for the UK

The first and second oil crises in the '70s and '80s show how geopolitical
events can cause energy squeezes and price increases

The “Gazprom crisis” (2006, 2009, 2012,…) shows the vulnerability of many
countries – including those in the EU – when supplies are dominated by a
single foreign source

A move away from fossil fuels and towards a diverse range of sustainable/renewable
energy sources is highly desirable also from the point of view of energy security!

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 25

 III. The Balance Sheet
In this part of the course we will go through the UK's energy balance sheet
How much are we consuming? How much can we produce?
• Cars • Wind
• Planes • Solar
• Heating and Cooling • Hydro
• Light • Wave
• Gadgets • Tide
• Stuff • Geothermal
• Public Services

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 26

 Cars
1 1  m c v 3  Ac c d v 3 
Ptot , use 

Pbrake  Pdrag  Prr   
  2d

2
 C rr m c gv 

Cars use power in four main ways:
• Speed changes – braking and accelerating: dominates for city driving
(moderate speed, frequent stops)
• Overcoming air resistance, or drag: dominates for motorway driving (high
speed, infrequent stops)
• Overcoming rolling resistance: friction, tyre deformations, noise, etc.: only
contributes significantly at very low speeds
• Waste heat due to the imperfect engine efficiency: assumed constant in our
model (although depends on speed in practice)
Power use goes up with speed, essentially as v3

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 27

 Planes
1 1  ( m g ) 2
 A c v 3

Ptot ,use  ( Plift  Pdrag ) 
plane

plane d

   2  Atube v 2 


• Planes expend power in three ways: lift (staying in the air), drag (air
resistance), and engine inefficiency
• Lift is produced when the plane exerts a downward force on the air it
passes through; the air produces an equal upward force on the plane
• Lift power decreases with speed, while drag power increases with
speed. Therefore planes have an optimal cruising speed at which they are
most energy efficient.
• Planes are already very efficient, so major improvements to their
energy consumption are not likely

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 28

 Planes

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 29

 Wind (Onshore and Offshore)
𝑃𝑤𝑖 𝑛𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑙 𝑙 𝜋𝜀𝜌 𝑣 3
𝑝 𝑤𝑖 𝑛𝑑 = 2
=
25 𝑑 200
• The power produced by a single windmill is Pwindmill = (1/8) π ε ρ d2 v3
• Wind turbines placed too close together will 'shadow' each other, so it is
useful to work in terms of the power per unit land area of a wind farm
• Physics limits the efficiency of a wind turbine to e ≈ 0.6
• Strong dependence of power on wind speed: v3
• Onshore wind:
•
+ relatively cheap to build and easy to maintain
•
- winds are (relatively) low speed and unsteady
• Offshore wind:
•
- relatively expensive to build and tricky to maintain
•
+ winds are (relatively) high speed and steady

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 31

 Solar
• The solar power available at the surface depends on the average
solar power reaching the Earth as well as the latitude and the time of
year
• Power from the Sun can be extracted in three main ways:
solar thermal (heating water), solar photovoltaic, and solar biomass

• The efficiency of standard solar photovoltaic panels is limited to

εmax = 0.34 (Shockley-Queisser limit), although even this is rarely
reached in commercially available panels
• Solar thermal panels are much more efficient than photovoltaics,
but the heat produced is less useful than electricity
• Solar biomass has a very low efficiency: at best, plants are only
about 2% efficient at turning sunlight into carbohydrates, and
processing losses reduce this even further
• However, solar biomass can be used for petrol substitutes, making
it a useful form of renewable energy
Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 32
 Heating and Cooling
• To calculate the energy usage of a given appliance (e.g. kettle):
multiply its power rating (in kW) by the time it's used each day (in h)
• Buildings lose heat in two main ways: conduction (heat flow through
walls, windows, etc.) and ventilation (loss of hot air through cracks)

𝑃 𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑, 𝑡𝑜𝑡 + 𝑃 𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 ,𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝐴𝑈 𝛥 𝑇 + 𝐶𝑉𝑁 𝛥𝑇

• Both sources of heat loss depend on the temperature difference
between outdoors and indoors
• Conduction heat loss depends on the thermal transmittance, or U-
value, of the building materials
• Ventilation heat loss depends on the volume of the building and how
often the air is exchanged
• Conduction usually dominates except in very well insulated buildings
Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 33
 Heating and Cooling
The equation for conductive power loss across a material of area A is

How about combining several pieces of material “in series”, i.e. behind
each other (e.g. brick – insulation – brick) ?

 Obviously, we cannot add the U-values


That would make them larger, but obviously the combination of materials
must be less efficient at transferring the heat (now the heat has to get
through both materials!)

 Instead, we add the inverse of the U-values

1 1 1
= +
𝑈 series 𝑈 1 𝑈 2
Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 34
 Hydroelectricity
𝑃h 𝑜
𝑟
𝑑
𝑦 = ( 𝜌 𝐴𝑑 ) 𝑔 h

where r is the density of water and (rAd) is just the mass of rain
falling per unit time onto our bit of land
• Hydroelectric power is produced by the kinetic energy of falling/flowing
water, which ultimately comes from the gravitational potential energy
of rainfall
• Hence the output of hydroelectric power plants depends sensitively on
rainfall amounts
• In the UK, hydro power is restricted by the lack of sites with suitable
elevation, and by economic and environmental considerations, so it is
unlikely to ever contribute substantially

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 35

 Tides
• Tide power comes from the orbital energy of the Earth-Moon system
(the Moon is slowly escaping, releasing gravitational binding
energy) and from the Earth's rotational kinetic energy (the Earth's
rotation is slowing down, releasing energy)

• Options for generating electricity from tides include barrages, tidal

lagoons, and tide mills

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 36

 Tides
• Barrages and tidal lagoons work like hydro power but can in
principle generate on both the ebb and flow of the tide
ptidepool = 8gρh2 / 24 hrs h2

[ power per unit area, (h2-h1)/2=h , h

h1
h – is the centre of water mass at high tide
2 high tides/24 hours, m = ρA2h ]

• Tide mills work similarly to wind mills, but using the tidal stream
flow rather than wind
𝑃 𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝜋𝜀𝜌 𝑣3
𝑝 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑚 = 2
=
25 𝑑 200

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 37

 Waves

• Ocean waves build up over thousands of miles, so the appropriate measure is

power per unit length of coastline, rather than per unit area
• Waves carry both kinetic energy (motion of individual water molecules) and
potential energy (wave crests raised above surface level); both contribute equally
to the total wave energy
• Technology for extracting electrical power from waves is still at the prototype
stage (e.g. Edinburgh Duck, Pelamis, …)
Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 38
 Lighting
• Low-energy bulbs (fluorescents and, increasingly, LEDs) are 5-10 times
more efficient than incandescent bulbs
• However, lighting is a very small fraction of total power consumption

Gadgets
• To calculate the power usage of a given gadget (e.g. phone charger):
multiply its power rating (in kW) by the time it's used each day (in h)
• EU regulations limit stand-by power use to 0.5 W or less, or 1 W or
less for 'stand-by plus' mode
• Gadgets, chargers, etc account for a very small fraction of total
power consumption

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 39

 Food and Farming

• The basic food energy requirement for a human is roughly 3 kWh/d

• However, the food chain is extremely inefficient at energy
conversion, so a proper estimate needs to take into account the
energy cost of raising and feeding animals to produce animal-based
foods
• Food processing uses 3-6 times as much energy as farming
• The actual energy footprint of a diet can vary widely depending on
what foods are chosen
• Most official estimates don't take into account the embodied energy
in food…

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 40

 Stuff
• The total energy cost of stuff is calculated using lifecycle analysis
• Conventionally four phases are distinguished:
• Phase R: Raw materials
• Phase P: Production
• Phase U: Use
• Phase D: Disposal
• Often one phase will dominate
• Each phase may contain transport costs as well; we estimated these
under Cars and Planes (also note that freight transport by ship is
much more efficient than road or air)

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 41

 Geothermal
• Geothermal energy comes from
• Heat from the Earth's core and mantle: leftover gravitational potential
energy from the Earth's formation and frictional heating due to tidal forces
• Radioactive decay in the Earth's outer crust
• Geothermal energy has a much smaller energy density per unit area
than other renewables
• Southampton has the only deep geothermal heating scheme in the
UK, which provides just 0.13 kWh/(p d) for Southampton residents.

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 42

 Public Services
• Some public services, like roads and street lighting, have been accounted
for elsewhere

• A rough estimate of energy use, based on the defence budget and the
fraction of the GDP spent on energy, suggests that public services don't
make a major contribution to individual power consumption [4 kWh/(d p)]

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 43

 Can We Live On Renewables?

The total numbers for each stack add up to
 Consumption: 195 kWh/(d p)
 Sustainable Production: 180 kWh/(d p)


Our consumption estimates are reasonably in line with
other figures, given the assumptions we've made

Our production figures are 3-15 times greater than
other estimates

However, the purpose of our estimates was to look at
what the ultimate physical limits on renewable power
generation might be

It is highly unlikely that the UK can be self-sufficient in

renewable energy alone

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 44

 Making a Difference
Where can we make changes that matter?


Electrify transport
 This gets transport off fossil fuels and makes it more energy
efficient

Heat buildings more efficiently
 Heat pumps are 3-4 times more efficient than ordinary heaters

Other forms of “quasi-renewable” energy
 “Clean coal”
 Nuclear
 Other countries' renewables

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 45

 Better Transport
The Bottom Line
Can we make a significant dent in our power consumption for transport?
Yes, definitely!

We have seen that by electrifying personal road transport, we could make
this sub-sector several times more energy efficient than it is now

Plane travel can't be made much less energy intensive, but we can and
should aim to reduce airmiles
 By removing tax-breaks for jet fuel (there is no fuel tax or VAT on jet fuel!)
 By using modern telecoms to replace travel (e.g. video conferencing)

We could make additional significant energy savings in cargo transport
 Use rail (rather than trucks) for short/medium distances
 Use ship (rather than air) for medium/long distances

All in all, it seems plausible that over the medium term (~decades) we should be able
to cut our power consumption for transport by, say, 2x

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 46

 Smarter Heating
The Bottom Line


We can definitely make big improvements in the power
consumption we dedicate to heating buildings

We can in principle reduce our power requirements by at
least a factor of two or more by
 Turning down thermostats
 Reducing leakiness (loft insulation, cavity insulation,
double/triple glazing…)

We can then further reduce our power use by a further
factor of 2-4 or so by using heat pumps to heat our
buildings

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 47

 Smarter Heating
Heat Engines and Heat Pumps

The maximal efficiency – also often called the “coefficient of
performance” – is the inverse of the maximal heat engine
efficiency
Heat delivered 𝑇 h𝑜𝑡
𝜀 max , heat pump = =
Input work 𝑇 h𝑜𝑡 − 𝑇 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑

If the temperature difference between the reservoirs is less

than the temperature of the hot one (expressed in Kelvin),
the maximum efficiency is > 1 (i.e. > 100%)!!!
 Existing real heat pumps can deliver an efficiency of 300% - 400%
 Coefficient of performance = 3-4
 For every kWh we put into a real heat pump,
we get 3-4 kWh of heat

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 48

 Sustainable Fossil Fuels – "Clean Coal"

Coal power stations can (probably) be made “clean”
 In “clean coal” power stations the CO2 that normally escapes when
burning coal is captured and must then be deposited somewhere for
long-term safe storage: “Carbon Capture and Sequestration” (CCS)
 Carbon capture is a relatively new and untested idea, but it is based
on existing technology and can probably be made to work safely

However,
 Clean coal can only ever be a stop gap

There isn't enough coal on the planet to provide us with the
power we need long-term
 All fossil-fuel-based solutions for the UK are import-based

This has implications for energy security, and coal is best from
this point of view also

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 49

 Nuclear Power
• Nuclear power can be produced in two ways: fission and fusion
• In principle, nuclear power can provide all of the energy we could ever
need
• But the two technologies that could make this a reality are still rather
far off
 Fast breeders using uranium extracted from seawater
 DD fusion reactors

In the short term, once-through reactors using uranium can make a big
dent, though probably not for everybody on the planet and not forever

In the longer term, breeder reactors with 60× greater potential should
become viable (two already are in operation)

Fusion power, both deuterium-tritium and deuterium-deuterium, has
vastly greater potential for energy production but the technology is still
a long way out of reach

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 50

 Importing Renewable Energy

Importing significant amounts of energy from large, low-
population-density and sunny countries is definitely
feasible

It's difficult to estimate precisely how much we can
reasonably assume for the short or medium term

There are no such commercial power stations in operation
yet


It's worth noting, of course, that this is once again an
import, with all the usual implications for energy security!

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 51

 Module aim & outcomes
Module Aims
The aim of this course is to provide a solid understanding of the
physical principles underlying energy production and usage
Learning Outcomes, Knowledge and Understanding
Having successfully completed this module, you will be able to
demonstrate knowledge and understanding of how to:

• Describe the physical principles underlying energy production and usage

• Depict the promises, problems and limits associated with different forms
of energy (e.g. fossil fuel-based, solar, wind, tide, wave, geothermal,
nuclear fission, nuclear fusion...)
• Recognize the need for quantitative analysis in designing energy
sustainable plans

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 52

 Module aim & outcomes
Subject Specific Intellectual and Research Skills
Having successfully completed this module you will be able to:
• Illustrate the energy demands associated with human needs and activities
(transport [trains, planes, automobiles], food/farming, housing…)
• be able to make semi-quantitative analysis

Transferable and Generic Skills

Having successfully completed this module you will be able to:
• Construct and use approximate, but quantitative models for key physical
processes
• Distinguish the choices and compromises that need to be made in
designing a sustainable and socially/politically viable
national/international energy plan

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 53

 Material available for exam revision
• The books: SEWTHA & Renewable energy
• Recorded lectures at BB and recorded forums
• PDF of slides
• Maths test on blackboard
• Past exams:
[Link]

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 54

 Exam paper

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 55

 Online resources

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 56

 Final Thoughts: What Can I Do?
Now you should be
able to answer
questions like this in
a rational,
quantitative manner
for yourself!

However, here are

some “easy” things
we can all do to
reduce our energy
and CO2 footprint

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 57

 Final Thoughts: What Can I Do?
And here are some not so easy things to do to reduce our energy and CO 2 footprint

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 58

 Thank you !

Prof. Alexander Belyaev Energy in the Environment 59