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Understanding Sinusoids in DSP

The document outlines the first lecture of a course on Digital Signal Processing (DSP), focusing on sinusoids and their mathematical representations. It covers reading assignments, course objectives, and applications of DSP in various fields, emphasizing the importance of Fourier analysis in signal processing. Additionally, it discusses the digitization of waveforms and provides examples of sinusoidal signals, including their properties and plotting techniques.

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kadasa9725
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11 views19 pages

Understanding Sinusoids in DSP

The document outlines the first lecture of a course on Digital Signal Processing (DSP), focusing on sinusoids and their mathematical representations. It covers reading assignments, course objectives, and applications of DSP in various fields, emphasizing the importance of Fourier analysis in signal processing. Additionally, it discusses the digitization of waveforms and provides examples of sinusoidal signals, including their properties and plotting techniques.

Uploaded by

kadasa9725
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

DSP First, 2/e

LECTURE #1
Sinusoids

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 1


READING ASSIGNMENTS

 This Lecture:
 Chapter 2, Sections 2-1 and 2-2

 Chapter 1: Introduction
 Appendix B: MATLAB

 Review Appendix A on Complex Numbers

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 3


CONVERGING FIELDS

Math Physics

EE
CmpE
Computer
Science Applications

BIO
Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 4
COURSE OBJECTIVE

 Students will be able to:


 Understand mathematical descriptions of
signal processing algorithms and
express those algorithms as computer
implementations (MATLAB)
 What are your objectives?

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 5


WHY USE DSP ?

 Mathematical abstractions lead to


generalization and discovery of new
processing techniques

 Computer implementations are flexible

 Applications provide a physical context

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 6


Fourier Everywhere
 Telecommunications
 Sound & Music
 CDROM, Digital Video
 Fourier Optics
 X-ray Crystallography
 Protein Structure & DNA
 Computerized Tomography
 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: MRI
 Radioastronomy
 Ref: Prestini, “The Evolution of Applied Harmonic Analysis”

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 7


LECTURE OBJECTIVES

 Write general formula for a “sinusoidal”


waveform, or signal
 From the formula, plot the sinusoid versus
time

 What’s a signal?
 It’s a function of time, x(t)
 in the mathematical sense

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 8


TUNING FORK EXAMPLE

 CD-ROM demo
 “A” is at 440 Hertz (Hz)
 Waveform is a SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL
 Computer plot looks like a sine wave
 This should be the mathematical formula:

A cos(2 ( 440)t   )
Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 9
TUNING FORK A-440 Waveform

T 8.15  5.85
2.3 ms

Time (sec)

f 1 / T
1000 / 2.3
435 Hz
Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 10
SPEECH EXAMPLE

 More complicated signal ([Link])


 Waveform x(t) is NOT a Sinusoid
 Theory will tell us
 x(t) is approximately a sum of sinusoids
 FOURIER ANALYSIS
 Break x(t) into its sinusoidal components
 Called the FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 11


Speech Signal: BAT
 Nearly Periodic in Vowel Region
 Period is (Approximately) T = 0.0065 sec

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 12


DIGITIZE the WAVEFORM

 x[n] is a SAMPLED SINUSOID


 A list of numbers stored in memory
 Sample at 11,025 samples per second
 Called the SAMPLING RATE of the A/D
 Time between samples is
 1/11025 = 90.7 microsec
 Output via D/A hardware (at Fsamp)

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 13


STORING DIGITAL SOUND

 x[n] is a SAMPLED SINUSOID


 A list of numbers stored in memory
 CD rate is 44,100 samples per second
 16-bit samples
 Stereo uses 2 channels
 Number of bytes for 1 minute is
 2 X (16/8) X 60 X 44100 = 10.584 Mbytes

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 14


SINES and COSINES

 Always use the COSINE FORM

A cos(2 ( 440)t   )
 Sine is a special case:

sin( t ) cos( t  )
2
Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 15
SINUSOIDAL SIGNAL

A cos( t  )
 FREQUENCY
 Radians/sec
  AMPLITUDE A
 Magnitude
 Hertz (cycles/sec)
 (2 ) f
 PERIOD (in sec)
1 2
 PHASE 
T 
Aug 2016 f  © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 16
EXAMPLE of SINUSOID
 Given the Formula
5 cos(0.3 t  1.2 )
 Make a plot

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 17


PLOT COSINE SIGNAL

5cos(0.3 t 12
. )
 Formula defines A, w, and f

A 5
 0.3
 1.2
Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 18
PLOTTING COSINE SIGNAL
from the FORMULA
5 cos(0.3 t  1.2 )
 Determine period:
T 2 /  2 / 0.3 20 / 3
 Determine a peak location by solving
( t   ) 0  (0.3 t  1.2 ) 0
 Zero crossing is T/4 before or after
 Positive & Negative peaks spaced by T/2
Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 19
PLOT the SINUSOID

5 cos(0.3 t  1.2 )
 Use T=20/3 and the peak location at t=-4

   20
3

Aug 2016 © 2003-2016, JH McClellan & RW Schafer 20

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