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Histogram Processing in Image Analysis

The document discusses histogram processing and analysis in image processing, focusing on the graphical representation of pixel distribution in digital images. It covers concepts such as histogram normalization, histogram equalization, and histogram matching, explaining their significance and procedures. Additionally, it includes mathematical representations and transformation functions relevant to these processes.

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Dibjyoti Hota
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32 views71 pages

Histogram Processing in Image Analysis

The document discusses histogram processing and analysis in image processing, focusing on the graphical representation of pixel distribution in digital images. It covers concepts such as histogram normalization, histogram equalization, and histogram matching, explaining their significance and procedures. Additionally, it includes mathematical representations and transformation functions relevant to these processes.

Uploaded by

Dibjyoti Hota
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

IMAGE PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS

Course code: ACDC08


[Link] V semester
Regulation: IARE UG-20
By
Dr. G. Ganapathi Rao
Asst. Professor
CSE (DATA SCIENCE)
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
DUNDIGAL, HYDERABAD - 500 043
Histogram Processing

• Histogram is a graphical representation showing a visual


impression of the distribution of data
• An Image Histogram is a type of histogram that acts as a
graphical representation of the lightness/color distribution
in a digital image
• It plots the number of pixels for each value
• The histogram of a digital image with gray levels in the
range [0, L-1] is a discrete function h(rk) = nk where rk is
the kth gray level and nk is the number of pixels in the
image having gray level rk

Dr. G. Ganapathi Rao


Dr. G. Ganapathi Rao
It is common practice to normalize a histogram by dividing
each of its values by the total number of pixels in the image,
denoted by n. A normalized histogram is given by

Thus, p(rk) gives an estimate of the probability of occurrence


of gray level rk

Note: The sum of all components of a normalized histogram


is equal to 1

Dr. G. Ganapathi Rao


Histogram Equalisation

• The gray levels in an image is viewed as random


variables in the interval[0,1]
• Fundamental descriptors of a random variables is its
probability density function ps(s) and ps(r) are PDF of
s and r

• Transformation has the particular importance in image


processing

• Discrete version of transformation- histogram equalization or


histogram linearization

Dr. G. Ganapathi Rao


Dr. G. Ganapathi Rao
Assume the images have 64 x 64 = 4096 pixels in 8 gray
levels. The following table shows the equalization process

Table: Intensity distribution and histogram values for 3 bit 64x64 digital image

Dr. G. Ganapathi Rao


• r is in the range with representing black and representing white
• For r satisfying these conditions, we focus attention on
transformations (intensity mappings) of the form
Dr. G. Ganapathi Rao
Dr. G. Ganapathi Rao
Histogram Matching (Specification)
Procedure for histogram matching:
• Obtain histogram of given image
• Use the equation to pre compute a mapped level sk for each
level rk

• Obtain the transformation function G from the given pz(z)


using the equation

• Precompute zk for each value of sk using the iterative scheme


defined in connection with equation

• For each pixel in the original image, if the value of that pixel is rk,
map this value to the corresponding level sk; then map levels sk
into the final level zkDr. G. Ganapathi Rao
Processed image that has a specified histogram is called
histogram matching or histogram specification.

Dr. G. Ganapathi Rao

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