Chapter 2
Fourier Transform and Spectra Topics: Fourier transform (FT) of a waveform Properties of Fourier Transforms Parsevals Theorem and Energy Spectral Density Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function Rectangular and Triangular Pulses Convolution
Huseyin Bilgekul Eeng360 Communication Systems I Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Eastern Mediterranean University
Eeng360 1
Fourier Transform of a Waveform Definition: Fourier transform
The Fourier Transform (FT) of a waveform w(t) is:
[.] denotes the Fourier transform of [.] f is the frequency parameter with units of Hz (1/s).
where
W(f) is also called Two-sided Spectrum of w(t), since both positive and negative frequency components are obtained from the definition
Eeng360 2
Evaluation Techniques for FT Integral
One of the following techniques can be used to evaluate a FT integral:
Direct integration. Tables of Fourier transforms or Laplace transforms. FT theorems. Superposition to break the problem into two or more simple problems. Differentiation or integration of w(t). Numerical integration of the FT integral on the PC via MATLAB or MathCAD integration functions. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the PC via MATLAB or MathCAD FFT functions.
Eeng360 3
Fourier Transform of a Waveform
Definition: Inverse Fourier transform
The Inverse Fourier transform (FT) of a waveform w(t) is:
g
w(t ) !
W ( f )e j 2T ft df
g
The functions w(t) and W(f) constitute a Fourier transform pair.
g
w(t ) !
W ( f )e j 2T ft df
g
W( f ) !
g
w(t )e j 2T nft dt
Time Domain Description (Inverse FT)
Frequency Domain Description (FT)
Eeng360 4
Fourier Transform - Sufficient Conditions
The waveform w(t) is Fourier transformable if it satisfies both Dirichlet conditions: 1) Over any time interval of finite length, the function w(t) is single valued with a finite number of maxima and minima, and the number of discontinuities (if any) is finite. 2) w(t) is absolutely integrable. That is,
Above conditions are sufficient, but not necessary. A weaker sufficient condition for the existence of the Fourier transform is:
E!
g
w(t ) dt
Finite Energy
where E is the normalized energy. This is the finite-energy condition that is satisfied by all physically realizable waveforms.
Conclusion: All physical waveforms encountered in engineering practice are Fourier transformable.
Eeng360 5
Spectrum of an Exponential Pulse
Eeng360 6
Spectrum of an Exponential Pulse
Plot of the real and imaginary parts of FT
Eeng360 7
Properties of Fourier Transforms
Theorem : Spectral symmetry of real signals If w(t) is real, then
Superscript asterisk is conjugate operation.
Proof: Substitute -f Take the conjugate
=
Since w(t) is real, w*(t) = w(t), and it follows that W(-f) = W*(f). If w(t) is real and is an even function of t, W(f) is real. If w(t) is real and is an odd function of t, W(f) is imaginary.
Eeng360 8
Properties of Fourier Transforms
Spectral symmetry of real signals. If w(t) is real, then:
W ( f ) ! W ( f )
Magnitude spectrum is even about the origin.
|W(-f)| = |W(f)| (A)
Phase spectrum is odd about the origin.
(-f) = - (f)
(B)
Corollaries of
Since, W(-f) = W*(f) We see that corollaries (A) and (B) are true.
Eeng360 9
Properties of Fourier Transform
f, called frequency and having units of hertz, is just a parameter of the FT that specifies what frequency we are interested in looking for in the waveform w(t). The FT looks for the frequency f in the w(t) over all time, that is, over - < t < W(f ) can be complex, even though w(t) is real. If w(t) is real, then W(-f) = W*(f).
Eeng360 10
Parsevals Theorem and Energy Spectral Density
Persavals theorem gives an alternative method to evaluate energy in frequency domain instead of time domain. In other words energy is conserved in both domains.
Eeng360 11
Parsevals Theorem and Energy Spectral Density
The total Normalized Energy E is given by the area under the Energy Spectral Density
Eeng360 12
TABIE 2-1: SOME FOURIER TRANSFORM THEOREMS 2-
Eeng360 13
Example 2-3: Spectrum of a Damped Sinusoid 2-
Spectral Peaks of the Magnitude spectrum has moved to f = fo and f = -fo due to multiplication with the sinusoidal.
Eeng360 14
Example 2-3: Spectrum of a Damped Sinusoid 2-
Variation of W(f) with f W(f
Eeng360 15
Dirac Delta Function
Definition: The Dirac delta function (x) is defined by
g
w( x )H ( x) dx ! w(0)
H(x) x
where w(x) is any function that is continuous at x = 0. An alternative definition of (x) is:
g
H ( x )dx ! 1
g , x =0 H ( x) ! 0, x { 0
The Sifting Property of the function is
g
w( x )H ( x xo )dx ! w( xo )
If (x) is an even function the integral of the
function is given by:
Eeng360 16
Unit Step Function
Definition: The Unit Step function u(t) is:
1, u (t ) ! 0, t>0 t<0
Because ( ) is zero, except at = 0, the Dirac delta function is related to the unit step function by
du (t ) ! H (t ) dt
g
H ( P ) d P ! u (t )
Eeng360 17
Spectrum of Sinusoids Sinusoi
Exponentials become a shifted delta
Aej2Tfct
fc
%H(f-fc)
H(f-fc)
H(f )
H(fc)H(f-fc) H(fc) ej2Tfct
Sinusoids become two shifted deltas
%H(f+fc) 2Acos(2Tfct)
-fc fc
%H(f-fc)
The Fourier Transform of a periodic signal is a weighted train of deltas
Eeng360 18
Spectrum of a Sine Wave
A V ( f ) ! ?H ( f f o ) H ( f f o )A 2
Eeng360 19
Spectrum of a Sine Wave
Sine Wave with an Arbitrary Phase w(t ) ! A sin([0t U 0 ) ! A sin[[0 (t A W( f ) ! j e 2
jU 0 f fo
U0 [0
)]
?H ( f fo ) H ( f fo )A
Eeng360 20
Sampling Function
The Fourier transform of a delta train in time domain is again a delta train of impulses in the frequency domain. Note that the period in the time domain is Ts whereas the period in the frquency domain is 1/ Ts . This function will be used when studying the Sampling Theorem.
-3Ts
-2Ts
-Ts
g
Ts
2Ts
3Ts
-1/Ts
0
g
1/Ts
w(t ) !
TsH (t nTs )
n !g
k W ( f ) ! TsH ( f ) Ts k !g
Eeng360 21