中国文化概况

A GLIMPSE OF CHINESE CULTURE

1
Chapter 4
Education

2
Education in China

1 2 3
Traditional Present International
Education Education Exchange &
Cooperation 3
 The Development of Traditional
Education

Private Schools
Official Schools
Imperial Civil
Examination System
The Development of Traditional
Education
Private Schools

A school set up by a family, clan, or teacher that

Generally with just one teacher giving individual tuition
No set textbooks nor specified time span of study
Prevailed In the Spring and Autumn Period
Many scholars of different schools of thought spread their
teaching in this way.
The private school run by Confucius was the largest and most
influential.
The Development of Traditional
Education
Official Schools

Began during the Western Zhou Dynasty

Only children of nobles were admitted.
The official schooling system included a central school and local
schools in different administrative regions.
Teaching materials: centered on the Four Books and the Five
Classics ( 四书五经 )
Gradually deteriorated after the Sui dynasty
The Development of Traditional
Education
Official Schools
Four Books Five Classics
The Great Learning 《》 The Book of Poems
 《》
 The Doctrine of Mean 《》
The Book of History
 The Analects of Confucius
 《》
《》  The Book of Rites
 Mencius 《》
 《》
 The Book of Changes
 《》
 The Spring and Autumn Annal

《》
The Development of Traditional
Education
Official Schools
The Academy of Classic Learning
Came into being during the Tang Dynasty and continued until
the end of the Qing Dynasty
Established in various localities for studies and lectures
Existed for thousands of years and were more like the present
higher education institutions and libraries
Became the gathering places for scholars, celebrities, and
intellectuals
When the imperial civil examination system was abolished,
most of the academies were converted into schools.
 The Development of Traditional
Education
four famous academies of ancient China

Bailudong Academy
Yuelu Academy( 岳麓书院 ) ( 白鹿洞书院 )

Songyang Academy ( 嵩阳书院 ) Yingtian Academy( 应天书院 )

The Development of Traditional
Education
Imperial Civil Examination System

Dominated education in China’s feudal society

The method by which talented people were recognized and
selected as government officials
Originated in the Sui Dynasty and lasted more than 1,300 years
until the late Qing Dynasty.
Once served as a positive method to enable almost all men to
realise their potential, regardless of their parentage or age.
Abolished in 1905
 The Development of Traditional
Education
Imperial Civil Examination System
• held once every three years (during Ming and Qing dynasties)
Two Types
The civil examination featured writing, which
involved the writing of an Eight-part essay
( 八股文 ), and was designed to select Jinshi.
The military examination featured martial
arts, including horsemanship, archery, and
weightlifting.
The candidate who won:
1st place: zhuangyuan （状元）
2nd place: bangyan （榜眼）
3rd place: tanhua （探花）
The Development of Traditional
Education
New Learning

A very different type of school called New Learning, modeled

after Western educational institutions, replaced the traditional
official schools.
Public schools were founded in all parts of the country with
many subjects of study offered as part of the curriculum.
After the Revolution of 1911, China introduced a Western
educational system encompassing all levels from primary school
to university.
Education in China

1 2 3
Traditional Present International
Education Education Exchange &
Cooperation 17
Present Education

Present Education System

Basic Education
Senior Middle School and Secondary Vocational School
Higher Education
Adult Education
Special Education
Vocational Education
Education for Ethnic Groups
Present Education

Basic Education

Encompasses:
preschool education
primary school education
middle school education (junior middle and senior middle)
Length: five or six years in primary schools
three years in junior middle schools
three years in senior middle schools.
Present Education

Pre-school education

Two main forms:

Nurseries

provide care for babies under the age of three.

There are day nurseries as well as boarding nurseries ( 全托 )
Kindergartens

enroll children from age three to six.

Game playing forms the main part of their educational activities
generally staffed with teachers, nurses and doctors
formulated regulations and rules to standardize the performance
of kindergarten teachers and assessments.
Present Education

Nine-year Compulsory Education

Requires each child to have nine years of formal education

Composed of two parts: six-years in primary school
three-years in junior high school.
After junior middle school , student should choose between vocational
school and a general education in senior middle school.
The government plays a dominant role
private social circles play a supplementary role
Project Hope ( 希望工程 ) and the Spring Bud Project ( 春蕾计划 ) have helped
children, especially girls, in poor areas to attend schools.
Present Education

Senior Middle School and Secondary Vocational School

Senior Middle School
 a preparation period for the students to enter colleges and
universities.
 a choice between liberal arts and science at the end of the
first academic year
 An examination taken to get the Certificate of Graduation
for Senior Middle School
 The National College Entrance Examination is an academic
examination held annually in China aimed to select high-
school graduates for college admissions.
Present Education

Senior Middle School and Secondary Vocational School

The National College Entrance Examination

An academic examination held annually in China aimed to

select high-school graduates for college admissions.
Arranged at the end of the spring semester
Senior middle school graduates across the country take the
examination simultaneously.
exam courses include: Chinese, mathematics, English, physics,
chemistry, history, geography, biology, and politics.
Present Education

Senior Middle School and Secondary Vocational School

Secondary vocational education

An alternative to high school.

Prepare students for the lines of production,
services, technical services, management,
etc.
After three years of study, students can go
directly into jobs in the relevant fields.
Present Education

Higher Education

History
can be traced back to the Han
Dynasty about 2000 years ago.
the institute for higher
education
Han: taixue ( 太学 )
Since the Sui: guozijian
( 国子监 )
Present Education

Higher Education
Higher education today’s China

More than 2,000 universities, colleges, and institutes

four- or five-year programmes
bachelor’s degree, master’s degree doctor’s degree
Departments or schools are the basic teaching units.
basic courses, basic specialised courses, and specialised
courses, as well as extracurricular ( 课外 )activities
adopts the policies of opening wider to the outside world.
Project 211(1997) and Project 985 (1998)
student-loans, scholarships, subsidies ( 助学金 ), and remission
of tuition fees.
Present Education

Adult Education
Two types:
• certificate study:
 undergraduate studies, professional training, secondary
specialised education and secondary school education.
 Methods of delivery include correspondence, vocational
colleges, self-teaching programmes, etc.
• non-certificate study
 literacy programmes, rural training for practical skills,
on-the-job training, and other continuing education.
 has the greatest number of potential students
 the first to use the distance education system
 makes lifelong learning possible
Present Education

Special Education
• Using special methods, equipment, and resources to
provide education for people with disabilities.

To make up for their physiological and

mental deficiencies by enabling them to
acquire labor skills of varying degrees, gain
essential living skills, and to develop the
ability to adapt to society and communicate
with others.
The Chinese government has always
attached great importance to special
education. (laws, policies and founds)
Special education has developed rapidly in
China.
Present Education

Vocational Education

Mainly carried out by advanced

vocational schools, secondary technical
schools, skilled workers’ schools,
vocational middle schools, job training
centers, and other technical training
schools.
Run by community groups or individuals
Highly valued for its employment-
enhancing effect.
Present Education

Education for Ethnic Minority Groups

An important component of China's educational strategy
Clauses to help its develop have been clearly stipulated In the
Constitution.
Administrative organs have been set up for implementing the
country’s policies concerning this issue.
The government has been studying and solving the unique
problems related to it.
Government funds have been allocated ( 划拨 ) to meet its
expenditure needs.
A large number of ethnic people have been trained with special
skills and have made a great contribution to the development of
ethnic regions and China.
 International Exchanges and
Cooperation
Studying abroad

The reform and opening- up policy encourages international

communication and cooperation in education
Now going abroad to study is more and more popular among younger
students.
Both the quantity and scale are unprecedented in the history of China.
Students who have studied abroad are an important intellectual
resource for China.
 International Exchanges and
Cooperation
International Students in China
 The first group of 33 international
students arrived in 1950.
By the end of 2005, the total number

of international students, who are from

more than 160 different countries and
study in 568 universities or colleges in
China had increased to 870,000.
In the past, foreign students mainly

received continuing education.

Now, many foreign students are

studying for bachelor’s, master’s, or

doctoral degrees.
International Exchanges and
Cooperation
Other Exchanges and Programmes

Academic exchanges
Have developed rapidly since the reform and opening-up.
engage in exchanges of scientific research with their foreign

counterparts.
sound progress in bilateral and multilateral educational cooperation

have been made.

Confucius Institute
 non-profit public institutions
help to promote and disseminate Chinese culture and Chinese

language education, and to deepen the friendship between China and

the rest of the world.