EARTH OBSERVATION
GEOID, ELLIPSOID
• Geoid is the shape that the ocean surface would take under
the influence of the gravity and rotation of Earth alone -
height.
• Ellipsoid
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
Coordinate system
Map scale
Data classification
Coordinate system
NAVIGATION tools
• GPS
• Compass
• Digital map
Earth Observation Satellites
• Atmosphere
• Ocean
• Land
[Link]
Satellite altimetry
• Dips and bumps are due to
variations in gravitational
force
• Sea surface copies the ocean
floor surface
• Differences are measured
using the time radar signals
take to travel through the
atmosphere, hit the ocean’s
surface, bounce back, and
travel back to the satellite
Geosat satellite
• Launched in 1985
• Orbits the Earth in
about 14 hours
• The Earth rotates
• Satellite map of the
Earth’s topography, For every increase of 1000
1.5 years meters on the seafloor, there
is 1 meter increase in height
of water.
Geosat image of the ocean floor
Roadmap of ocean satellite development
Variations in temperature:
From north to south due
to the Sun’s radiation
APPLICATIONS
• Provide surface information: sea surface
temperature, biomass, sea level,
recipitation, surface wind,
Remote Sensing: examples
upscale upscale upscale
•Platform depends on application
•What information do we want?
[Link]
•How much detail?
•What type of detail?
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ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
• Main sources from the Sun,
• Sensors receive reflection energy from the
Sun,
• Remind electromagnetic energy,
• Active and passive remote sensing,
Basic Concepts: EM Spectrum
Sometime use frequency, f=c/, 1 nm, 1mm, 1m
where c=3x108 m/s (speed of light) f 3x1017 Hz, 3x1011 Hz, 3x108 Hz,
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Basic Concepts: 1
• Electromagnetic radiation
• wavelengths, atmospheric windows
– visible / near infrared ('optical') (400-700nm / 700-1500 nm)
– thermal infrared (8.5-12.5 m)
– microwave (1mm-1m)
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Basic Concepts: 2
• Temporal Resolution
– minutes to days
– NOAA (AVHRR), 12 hrs, 1km (1978+)
– MODIS Terra/Aqua, 1-2days, 250m++
• Orbits
– Landsat TM, 16 days, 30 m (1972+)
– geostationary (36 000 km altitude)
– SPOT, 26(...) days, 10-20 m (1986+)
– polar orbiting (200-1000 km altitude)
– revisit depends on
• Spatial resolution
• latitude
– 10s cm (??) - 100s km • sensor FOV, pointing
– determined by altitude of satellite (across track), • orbit (inclination, altitude)
altitude and speed (along track), viewing angle
• cloud cover (for optical instruments)
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Atmosphere
interactions
Energy absorption and
transmission
• CO2, O2, H2O and absorbtion
Radiation curves of the Sun and black-body at the Sun
temperature
Energy interactions with the Earth’s surface
• Specular reflection or a mirror-like
reflection: a surface is smooth and
(almost) all of the energy is directed
away from the surface in single
direction.
• Diffuse reflection/tán xạ: the surface
is rough and the energy is reflected
almost uniformly in all directions.
Spectral reflection
• Idealize
spectral
reflectio
n of
heath
vegetabl
e
Spectral reflection
• Bare soil
• water
SENSOR
Questions
• Ưu và nhược của viễn thám hàng không và viễn thám vệ tinh
theo khía cạnh ảnh hưởng của khí quyển?
• Nghiên cứu quang phổ trong phòng thí nghiệm quan trọng như
thế nào để hiểu rõ được ảnh viễn thám?
• Liệt kê hai mô hình được sử dụng để mô tả năng lượng điện từ
• Bước sóng và tần số có quan hệ như thế nào đến các thông số
khác (nêu công thức)
• Phổ điện từ là gì?
• Liệt kê 3 kiểu tán xạ khí quyển
• Những kiểu tương tác năng lượng đặc biệt gì diễn ra khi năng
lượng điện từ của ánh sáng mặt trời đến bề mặt trái đất
• Theo bạn cửa «sổ khí quyển» là gì?
Map scale
the ratio between distances measured on a
map and the corresponding distances
measured on the ground
large scale map displays a small area
in greater detail
small scale map displays a large area
in lesser detail
methods for describing map scale:
Representative fraction 1 : 3,500,000
Graphical (bar)
Verbal “one inch equals one mile”
classes of maps
Reference maps (general purpose)
Thematic maps (special purpose)
Mapping process
• Planning stage
– needs assessment
– project specifications are established (cost/time)
• Data acquisition stage
– primary data/secondary data
• Cartographic production stage
– design
– drafting
– proofing
– printing
• Product delivery stage
Georeferencing
• the representation of the location of real-
world features within the spatial framework
of a particular coordinate system
Relationship between coordinate systems
and map projections
• Map projections define how positions on
the Earth’s curved surface are transformed
onto a flat map surface
• Coordinate systems provide a referencing
framework by which positions are measured
and computed.
Plane coordinate systems
• Plane rectangular system (Cartesian)
• Plane polar coordinates
Cartesian sytems
• X-axis (easting)
• Y-axis (northing)
• 1st quadrant (+x, +y)
• 2nd quadrant (+x, -y)
• 3rd quadrant (-x, -y)
• 4th quadrant (-x, +y)
Plane polar coordinate system
(Vector)
see Figure 2.5
• Polar axis = baseline
• Radius vector, vectorial angle
• Positive angles are measured in clockwise
direction from polar axis
conversions
• One can convert from plane rectangular
coordinate to plane polar coordinates using
basic trigonometric functions
Geographic Coordinate System
Latitude angular distance north or
south of baseline (equator)
Longitude angular distance east or
west of baseline (prime
meridian)
graticule = grid of latitude and longitude
lines (parallels and meridians)
on a map or globe
Map projection
• Is a systematic representation of all or part
of the surface of a round body, especially
the earth, on a plane (Snyder, 1987)
• a two-dimensional spatial rendition of a the
Earth’s surface (Fesperman, 2002)
Spatial properties of a map
(projection)
• area
• direction
• distance
• shape
Projection type preserves
• Equal area (equivalent) area
• conformal (orthomorphic) shape
• equidistant distance
Map projection types
a developable surface is one that can be laid
flat without distortion (see Figure 2.11)
Cylindrical
Conical
Planar
Map projection aspect
• Describes the orientation of the developable
surface relative to the globe
• normal axis of cylinder or cone
parallel to earth axis
• transverse axis of cylinder or cone is
perpendicular to earth axis
• oblique axis oriented between normal
and transverse cases
Map projection viewpoints
Figure 2.13
• Gnomonic
– Light source at center of globe
– Great circles are straight lines (navigation)
• Orthographic
– Light source at infinity
– Equal areas preserved
• Stereographic
– Light source at far side of globe
– Planar are conformal, cylindrical are compromised
The Ellipsoid
the earth is not a sphere, but an oblate
spheroid, being slight depressed at the
poles
satellite-based observations have
allowed for the development of global
standard in mathematical model
The Geoid
• reference surface for vertical coordinates
(above or below the datum)
• equivalent to mean sea level in the earth’s
oceans
• determined by equal gravimetric potential
Readings
• Remote Sensing Satellites for Digital Earth
[Link]
5-3_3#Sec6