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I am made up of
millions of cells
Functions of a Cell
☀ Basic unit of life
☀ Protection & support
☀ Movement
☀ Communication
☀Cell metabolism & energy
☀ Inheritance
No one cell type is exactly alike
in comparison with others cells
but all cells do have the same
basic parts
There a certain functions common
to all cells
“plasma membrane”
Outermost component of a cell
It encloses the cytoplasm
Supports the cell contents
Is a selective barrier that determines what moves into and out
of the cell.
Substances outside the cell are called:
EXTRACELLULAR
substance
Substances inside the cell are called:
INTRACELLULAR Substance
Substances that can be found intracellular:
enzymes, glycogen, K ions
Substances that can be found extracellular:
Na, Ca, Cl
Major Substances that make up the cell
membrane:
a. Phospholipids - 25%
b. Proteins (CHON) - 55%
Other substances:
Cholesterol - 13%
CHO - 3%
Ions
Types and Characteristics of Movement
Across the Cell Membrane
Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
Mediated Transport Mechanisms
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Secondary active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Diffusion
Is the process by which molecules tend to
scatter themselves throughout the available
space.
Defined as the net movement of particles to
move from an area of higher concentration
to an area of lower concentration.
Concentration gradient: measure of the difference in the
concentration of a solute in a solvent between 2 points divided
by the distance between the 2 points.
Osmosis
Is a diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane such as the plasma
membrane.
Diffusion from a region of higher concentration
to one of lower water concentration.
Solutions to which body cells are
exposed can be classified as:
• Isotonic
• Hypotonic
• Hypertonic
Filtration
• Is the movement of fluid through a partition
containing small holes.
• Is the process by which water solutes are
forced through a membrane by fluid or
hydrostatic pressure.
Carrier Mediated Transport
Mechanisms
• Facilitated diffusion
• Active transport
• Secondary active transport
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis
Facilitated Diffusion:
is the process that moves substances into or
out of cells from a higher to a lower
concentration.
ATP is not required.
Active Transport:
is the process that moves substances across
the cell membrane from regions of lower
concentrations to higher concentration
against a concentration gradient.
ATP is required.
Secondary Active Transport:
involves the active transport of one
substance, such as an ion, across the cell
membrane, establishing a concentration
gradient.
the diffusion of that transported substance
down its concentration gradient provides the
energy to transport a different substance,
such as glucose, across the cell membrane.
Exocytosis:
it is the means by which cells actively secrete
hormones, mucus, & other cell products or
eject certain cellular wastes.
“out of the cell”
Endocytosis:
includes those ATP-requiring processes that
take up or engulf, extracellular substances by
enclosing them in a small membranous
vesicle.
“into the cell”
Phagocytosis “cell eating”
Is the cellular material outside the nucleus &
inside the plasma membrane.
It is the site of most cellular activities “factory
Large organelle located near the center of the
cell.
Bounded by a nuclear envelop.
“headquarters" or the control center
Contain the cell’s genetic code.
The code is in the form of DNA located in the
strands called chromatin
Nucleus contains loosely
coiled fibers called the
chromatin.
DNA & proteins
During cell division the
chromatin fibers become
tightly coiled to form 23
pairs of chromosomes
“little nucleus”
Rounded, dense, well defined nuclear bodies with
no surrounding membranes.
Are the sites where ribosomes are assembled.
Are the organelles where proteins are produced.
Serve as the actual site of protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
is a series of membranes forming sacs & tubules that
extends from the outer nuclear membrane into the
cytoplasm.
Rough ER:
is so called because it is studded with ribosomes.
ER with ribosomes attached to it.
major site of protein synthesis.
Smooth ER:
ER without ribosomes
it plays no role in protein synthesis
Functions: cholesterol synthesis & breakdown, fat
Appears as a stack of flattened membranous.
It is generally found close to the nucleus
Functions: collects, modifies, & distributes proteins & lipids
manufactured by the ER.
Principal “traffic director” for cellular proteins.
Small, membrane-bound sac that transport or
stores materials within cells.
Pinch off from the Golgi apparatus and move to
the surface of the cell.
Lysosomes:
are membrane-bound vesicles formed from the Golgi
apparatus.
they contain a variety of enzymes that function as
intracellular digestive enzymes.
Peroxisomes:
Small, bean-shaped, rod-shaped, sausage-shaped or long
thread-
like organelles.
Their wall consists of a double membrane, equal to two
plasma membranes, placed side by side.
“powerhouse of the cell”
Are hollow structures formed from protein subunits.
Functions: help to provide support to cytoplasm
assist in the process of cell division
form essential components of certain organelles
Specialized
Project from the surface
extensions of
of cells & are capable of
the cell
moving
Flagella membrane
Contains thousands per
Do not actively
cell
Centrosome:
specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus that
is the center of microtubule formation. Contains 2 centrioles.
Centrioles:
during cell division the area of centrioles facilitate the
movement of chromosomes toward the centrosomes.
Which of the parts of the cell would you
like to be and why?
Cell Division
Is the formation of 2 daughter cells from a
single parent cell.
The new cells necessary for growth and
tissue repair are formed through MITOSIS
and the
Sex cells necessary for reproduction are
formed through MEIOSIS
Mitosis
Results in the formation of 2 daughter
nuclei with exactly the same genes as the
mother nucleus.
DNA replication precedes mitosis, so that
for a short period of time the cell nucleus
contains a “double dose” of genes.
When the nucleus divides, each daughter
cell ends up with exactly the same genetic
information as the original mother cell and
the fertilized egg from which it came.
Cloning
Dolly
1st cloned mammal
Died: Feb 14, 2003
“CC”
Idaho Gem
First-ever cloned cat
First-ever cloned baby mule
Born Dec 22, 2001
Born June 2003
Key Points:
1. Structure (and importance) of
cell membrane
2. Structure (and function) of
organelles
3. Interconnections between
cells to maintain structural
stability in body tissues.
Anatomy of a typical cell
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm
non-membranous
organelles
cytosol
membranous
organelles
What else is also
part of the cell
membrane ?
Cell membrane (plasma membrane, plasmalemma)
Non-membranous
Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Microvilli
Cilia,
centrioles,
flagellum
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
4 major components:
1. Microfilaments (mostly actin)
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Thick filaments (composed of
myosin subunits)
4. Microtubules (composed of
tubulin subunits)
Fu: support & movement of cellular
structures & materials
2 centrioles
direct formation In 9+0 array
of mitotic spindle
Cilium - Cilia
In 9+2 array
Compare
to
microvilli
and
flagellum
Ribosomes
60% RNA + 40% ________
workbench for __________
Fixed vs, free ribosomes
Membranous
Organelles
Names and functions ?
Nucleus
Mitochondrion / -a
smooth & rough ER
Chambers = cysternae
Function: Synthesis Storage Transport
Golgi Apparatus Packaging and
shipping of proteins
Cell
membrane
renewal
vesicles come from ?
Lysosomes
Intercellular Attachments
1) Gap Junctions
channel
proteins
(connexons)
interlock and
form pores
abundant in
cardiac and
smooth
2) Tight Junctions
Interlocking
membrane
proteins
Found near
surface of
cells lining
the digestive
tract.
3) Desmosomes
Proteoglycan layer reinforced by
transmembrane proteins (cell adhesion
molecules or CAMs)
Belt, button and hemidesmosomes
Found in superficial layers
of skin
End:
The Cell, Structure &
Function
Prepared by:
Eric B. Panopio,
M.D.