Deductive methods in technical drawing
Chapter 1
Introduction to deductive in technical drawing
Drawing is the process of conceiving or inventing ideas and
communicating those ideas to others in a form that is
understood easily.
The way of conveying the ideas through the systematic lines on
the paper.
• The art of representation of an object by systematic lines on a
paper.
Communication: It is the process of conveying feelings/
information from:
1 One person to the other person
2 Communication is the main thing which separates the human beings
from other living thing
• Classification
• 1. Artistic Drawing (Free-hand or Model
Drawing):
• The art of representation of an object by the
artist by his imagination or by keeping the
object before him. e.g. paintings, cinema
posters, advertisement boards, etc.
• 2. Engineering Drawing (Instrument Drawing):
The art of representation of engineering objects.
e.g. buildings, roads, machines, etc
• Types of Engineering Drawing:
i. Geometrical Drawing:
• e.g. geometrical objects - rectangle, square, cube, cone, cylinder,
etc.
• a. Plain Geometrical Drawing: Two dimensional drawing having
only length and breadth. e.g. square, triangle, etc.
• b. Solid Geometrical Drawing: Three dimensional drawing
having length, breadth and thickness. e.g. cube, prism, etc.
[Link] Engineering or Machine Drawing: e.g. mechanical
engineering objects – machines, machine parts, etc.
iii. Civil Engineering Drawing: e.g. civil engineering objects – roads,
buildings, bridges, dams, etc.
iv. Electrical & Electronics Engineering Drawing: e.g. electrical and
electronics objects – transformers, wiring diagrams
language
• Drawing Instruments and Other Drawing
Materials: lettering, scales are left as a reading
assignment.
• Language
• 1 It is the media of communication
language
Sign :any means of communication through bodily
movements, especially of the hands and arms, used
when spoken communication is impossible or not .
Vocal: An oral language or vocal language is
a language produced with the vocal tract, as opposed
to a sign language, which is produced with the hands
and face.
Graphical: includes various elements such as contours
and lines, images, numbers, and symbols and their
attributes such as movement, spatial location, color or
contrast, and size. ... Graphical language can convey
meaning independently.
ComputeLanguage. Programming
languages are artificial languages designed to
communicate instruction to a computer.
• Written: written language is the
representation of a language by means of
a writing system. Written language is an
invention in that it must be taught to
children.
• Limitations of sign language
1 Information/feelings cannot be conveyed
effectively
2 Chances of misunderstanding the
information / feelings
3 Both the communicator and the receiver to be
present at the same place
• Limitations of graphical language
• 1 Information /feelings can be conveyed effectively but still
there are chances for imagination (communication gap)
• 2 Viewer may image anything in his mind due to the absence
of written language
• Limitations of vocal language
• 1 Speaker and the listener should be aware of same language
• 2 Still there are chances of misunderstanding due to
communication gap
• 3 Some languages (without alphabets) are existing on
tongues only
• 4 Written language can also be misunderstood as each and
every word gives more than one meaning
language
• Limitations of computer language
• 1 Used only by computer programmers
• 2 Cannot be used for general communication
• Effective communication is possible when
graphical language is supported by written
language/vocal language and vice versa.
Engineering drawing is a language which uses
both graphical language and written language for
effective communication.
• Engineering drawing is a graphical language which
also uses written language for effective
communication
reasoning
• Deductive
• Deductive Reasoning – A type of logic in which one
goes from a general statement to a specific
instance.
• The classic example
• All men are mortal. (major premise)
• Ben is a man. (minor premise)
• Therefore, Ben is mortal. (conclusion)
• Venn Diagrams
• Venn Diagram: A diagram consisting of various
overlapping figures contained in a rectangle called
the universe.
• This is an example of all A are B. (If A, then B.)
In deductive (rule-driven, top-down) teaching the
teacher introduces and explains the concept and the
rules relating to it. Then the teacher lets students to
practice the new concept.
GENERAL RULE > EXAMPLES > PRACTICE
In inductive (example-driven, bottom-up) teaching the
teacher gives students the data and lets students draw
their own conclusions from the data. The students
notice how the concept is used and figure out, and
verbalise the rule.
EXAMPLES > PRACTICE > GENERAL RULE
Inductive: the students’ attention is
focused on the structure being
learned; 2. the students are required
to formulate for themselves and then
verbalise the underlying pattern;
students deduce
Deductive: students are given an
explanation and varying amout of
time is spent on practice; students
induce
• Difference and Similarities
Both methods have been shown to work in
teaching and learning
Deductive method is the more traditional one
of the two and generally believed to be more
suitable for teaching beginners. It is efficient
and clear.
Inductive method has been said to be better
suited for more advanced learners it activates
and involves students and prepares them for
autonomy.
There are individual differences between
students: some prefer the deductive method,
whereas others benefit from being taught
with the inductive method.
Reasoning – The drawing of inferences or
conclusions from known or assumed facts.
When solving a problem, one must understand
the question, gather all pertinent facts, analyze
the problem i.e. compare with previous problems
(note similarities and differences), perhaps use
pictures or formulas to solve the problem.
• Deductive Reasoning – A type of logic in which
one goes from a general statement to a specific
instance. The teacher tells or shows directly what
he/she wants to teach. This is also referred to as
direct instruction.
• The classic example
All men are mortal. (major premise)
Socrates is a man. (minor premise)
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.(conclusion)
The above is an example of a syllogism
• Syllogism: An argument composed of two statements
or premises (the major and minor premises), followed
by a conclusion.
• For any given set of premises, if the conclusion is
guaranteed, the arguments is said to be valid.
• If the conclusion is not guaranteed (at least one
instance in which the conclusion does not follow), the
argument is said to be invalid.
Examples:
1. All students eat pizza.
Claire is a student at ASU.
Therefore, Claire eats pizza.
2. All athletes work out in the gym.
Barry Bonds is an athlete.
Therefore, Barry Bonds works out in the gym
3. All math teachers are over 7 feet tall.
Mr. D. is a math teacher.
Therefore, Mr. D is over 7 feet tall.
• The argument is valid, but is certainly not true.
• The above examples are of the form
If p, then q. (major premise)
x is p. (minor premise)
Therefore, x is q. (conclusion)
• If you have questions well
come???
• The end
• Thank you