D O P IN G IN S P O R T S

History

• - The International Olympics Committee (IOC) said on Saturday that 1001

drugs tests have been conducted since the start of the London 2012
Olympic period on July 16.
• Of these, 715 were urine tests and 286 were tests on blood.
• IOC President Jacques Rogge says a crackdown on doping cheats in the
run-up to the London Olympics has been a success, with testers catching
more than 100 athletes using performance-enhancing drugs in recent
months.
• Albanian weightlifter Hysen Pulaku became the first athlete to be ejected
from the London 2012 Olympics on Saturday after traces of the anabolic
steroid stanozolol were found in his urine sample.
• Substances and doping methods are banned when they meet at least two
of the three following criteria: enhance performance, pose a threat to
athlete health, or violate the spirit of sport.
SUBSTANCES AND METHODS USED FOR
DOPING IN SPORT:
1. ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO)
1. एरिथ्रोपोइटिन (ईपीओ)
2. CERA
2. मोम
3. ANABOLIC STEROIDS 3. उपचय स्टेरॉयड्स
4. HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE 4. मानव विकास हार्मोन

5. DIURETICS 5. मूत्रल
6. सिंथेटिक ऑक्सीजन वाहक
6. SYNTHETIC OXYGEN CARRIERS
7. रक्त डोपिंग
7. BLOOD DOPING 8. इंसुलिन
8. INSULIN 9. जीन डोपिंग

9. GENE DOPING
 ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO)

• EPO is a peptide hormone that is produced naturally by the human body. EPO is released
from the kidneys and acts on the bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell production.
• By injecting EPO, athletes aim to increase the concentration of red blood cells and
consequently their aerobic capacity.
• EPO abuse can lead to serious health risks for athletes. It is well known that EPO, by
thickening the blood, leads to an increased risk of several deadly diseases, such as heart
disease, stroke, and cerebral or pulmonary embolism. EPO has been implicated in the
deaths of several athletes.

ईपीओ एक पेप्टाइड हार्मोन है जो मानव शरीर द्वारा प्राकृतिक रूप से निर्मित

होता है। ईपीओ गुर्दे से निकलता है और लाल रक्त कोशिका उत्पादन को प्रोत्साहित करने के
लिए अस्थि मज्जा पर कार्य करता है। ईपीओ इंजेक्ट करके, एथलीटों का लक्ष्य लाल रक्त
कोशिकाओं की एकाग्रता और परिणामस्वरूप उनकी एरोबिक क्षमता को बढ़ाना है।ईपीओ के
दुरुपयोग से एथलीटों के लिए गंभीर स्वास्थ्य जोखिम हो सकते हैं। यह सर्वविदित है कि
ईपीओ, रक्त को गाढ़ा करके, हृदय रोग, स्ट्रोक और मस्तिष्क या फुफ्फुसीय अन्त: शल्यता जैसी
कई घातक बीमारियों का खतरा बढ़ाता है। ईपीओ को कई एथलीटों की मौत में फंसाया गया है।
 CERA
• Continuous Erythropoiesis Receptor Activator, or CERA, is a third-generation
form of EPO. As opposed to earlier forms of the drug, CERA requires less
frequent injection because it has an extended half-life.
• Athletes may take CERA to increase oxygen-carrying capacity to boost
endurance. It may also be used after training to encourage swifter recovery.
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
• * Anabolic steroids are drugs that resemble testosterone, a hormone
which is produced in the testes of males and, to a much lesser extent,
in the ovaries of females.
• * Because testosterone and related drugs affect muscle growth,
raising their levels in the blood could help athletes to increase muscle
size and strength. Athletes who use anabolic steroids also claim they
reduce body fat and recovery time after injury.
• * Anabolic steroids can cause high blood pressure, acne,
abnormalities in liver function, alterations in the menstrual cycle,
decline in sperm production and impotence in men, kidney failure and
heart disease. They can also make people more aggressive.
• * Examples of anabolic steroids include testosterone, stanozolol,
boldenone, nandrolone and clostebol.
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE
• * Human growth hormone (hGH)- also called somatotrophin or
somatotrophic hormone - is a hormone that is naturally produced by
the body. It is synthesized and secreted by cells in the anterior
pituitary gland located at the base of the brain.
• * The major role of hGH in body growth is to stimulate the liver and
other tissues to secrete insulin-like growth factor IGF-1. IGF-1
stimulates production of cartilage cells, resulting in bone growth and
also plays a key role in muscle and organ growth. All of these can
boost sporting performance.
• * Commonly reported side effects for hGH abuse are diabetes in
prone individuals, worsening of heart diseases, muscle, joint and bone
pain, hypertension and cardiac deficiency, abnormal growth of organs
and accelerated osteoarthritis.
 DIURETICS

• * Diuretics can be used in a sport as a masking agent to prevent the detection

of another banned substance.
• * As well as masking other drugs, diuretics can also help athletes lose weight,
which they could use to their advantage in sports where they need to qualify in
a particular weight category.
• * Examples of commonly used diuretics include furosemide,
bendroflumethiazide and metolazone.
 SYNTHETIC OXYGEN CARRIERS

• * Synthetic oxygen carriers, such as haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

(HBOCs) or perflurocarbons (PFCs), are purified proteins or chemicals that
have the ability to carry oxygen.
• * They are useful for emergency therapeutic purposes when human blood
is not available, the risk of blood infection is high or when there is not
enough time to properly cross-match donated blood with a recipient.
• * The misuse of synthetic oxygen carriers for doping purposes carries the
risk of cardiovascular disease in addition to serious side effects such as
strokes, heart attacks and embolisms.
 BLOOD DOPING
• * There are two forms of blood doping. Autologous blood doping is the
transfusion of one’s own blood, which has been stored, refrigerated or frozen,
until needed. Homologous blood doping is the transfusion of blood that has
been taken from another person with the same blood type.
• * Although the use of blood transfusions for blood doping dates back several
decades, experts say its recent resurgence is probably due to the introduction of
efficient EPO detection methods.
• * A test for homologous blood transfusions was implemented at the 2004
Olympic Games in Athens.
• * The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) says it is funding research into
developing a test for autologous transfusions, and it is also leading the
development of so-called “biological passports” which keep a record of an
athlete’s blood and biological variables over time.
 INSULIN
• * Insulin enhances glucose uptake into the muscle and aids the formation
and storage of muscle glycogen. Athletes might use it for events that require
high levels of endurance. There is also evidence that it is abused by dopers
in conjunction with growth hormones or anabolic steroids to boost muscle
growth.
• * Misuse of insulin can lead to very low blood sugar levels - a condition
known as hypoglycaemia which can lead to the loss of cognitive function,
seizures, unconsciousness, and in extreme cases can lead to brain damage
of death.
 GENE DOPING

• Advancements in gene therapy for medical reasons mean potential

cheats might seek to undergo procedures to modify their genes to
enhance their physical capabilities.
• * While it is not yet known whether it has ever been done in practice,
gene doping could in theory be used to increase muscle growth, blood
production, endurance, oxygen dispersal and pain perception.
• * Gene doping is defined by WADA as the transfer for nucleic acids or
nucleic acid sequences, and the use of normal or genetically modified
cells. There are currently no testing methods capable of detecting gene
doping.
DOPING
ATHLETES
 Lance Armstrong

Lance Edward Armstrong is an American former

professional road racing cyclist. Armstrong was
stripped of his seven consecutive Tour de France
titles from 1999 to 2005 after a doping investigation
and his admission to using performance enhancing
drug
Born: 18 September 1971 (age 50 years),
Plano, Texas, United States
Spouse: Kristin Richard (m. 1998–2003)
Sha'Carri Richardson
• Sha'Carri Richardson is an American track and field sprinter who
competes in the 100 meters and 200 meters. Richardson rose to
fame in 2019 as a freshman at Louisiana State University, running
10.75 seconds to break the 100 m record at the National Collegiate
Athletic Association Championships.

• She qualified for the 2020 Summer Olympics after winning the
women's 100-meter dash with 10.86 in the United States Olympic
Trials.

• On July 1, it was reported that Richardson had tested positive for

cannabis use following her 100 m final at the U.S. Trials,
invalidating her win and making her ineligible to compete in the 100
m at the Olympics.

• After successfully completing a counseling program, she accepted

a one-month period of ineligibility that began on June 28, 2021.

• Born: 25 March 2000 (age 21 years), Dallas, Texas, United States

• Height: 1.55 m
Ben Johnson
Olympic athlete
Ben Johnson
Olympic athlete
Benjamin Sinclair Johnson, CM OOnt is a Canadian
former sprinter. He won gold medals in the 100 metres
at the 1987 World Championships and 1988 Summer
Olympics, before he was disqualified for doping himself
with stanozolol, and stripped of his medals.
Born: 30 December 1961 (age 59 years),
Falmouth, Jamaica
Height: 1.77 m
Nationality: Canadian
Weight: 75 kg
Event(s): 60m, 100m, 200m
Parents: Gloria Johnson, Ben Johnson
Marion Jones
Belizean-American track and field athlete

Marion Lois Jones (born October 12, 1975), also known as Marion Jones-
Thompson, is a Belizean-American former world champion track and field
athlete and a former professional basketball player for Tulsa Shock in the
WNBA. She won three gold medals and two bronze medals at the 2000
Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, but was later stripped of her medals
after admitting to steroid use. Jones did retain her 3 titles as world
champion from 1997 to 1999.
Born: 12 October 1975 (age 45 years),
Los Angeles, California, United States
Height: 1.78 m
Spouse: Obadele Thompson (m. 2007), C.J. Hunter (m. 1998–2002)
Nationality: American, Belizean
Children: Tim Montgomery Jr., Eva-Marie Thompson, Ahmir Thompson
Parents: Marion Jones, George Jones
Justin Gatlin
American medalist
• Justin Gatlin is an American sprinter who competes in the 60 metres, 100
metres and 200 metres. He is the 2004 Olympic Champion in the 100 metres,
the 2005 and 2017 World Champion in the 100 metres, the 2005 World
Champion in the 200 metres, and the 2019 World Champion in the 4 x 100
metres relay.
• In 2001, Gatlin incurred a two-year ban from athletics for testing positive for
amphetamines, later reduced to one year because of an appeal. In 2006, he
incurred a further four-year ban for testing positive for [Link] this
sanction erasing his then-world-record time of 9.77 seconds in the 100 metre
• Born: 10 February 1982 (age 39 years), Brooklyn, New York, United States
• Height: 1.85 m
• Weight: 80 kg
• Spouse: Daynise Gatlin
• Medals: Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres, MORE
• Children: Jace Gatlin
• Parents: Willie Gatlin, Jeanette Gatlin
Diego Maradona
• By the time the 1994 World Cup came around,
people thought Diego Maradona was done. But
the Argentine scored a goal and an assist in first-
round victories over Greece and Nigeria, and
showed some of his dazzling dribbling form of
old.
• But six hours before Argentina were to face
Bulgaria, Maradona was removed from the
World Cup because he had tested positive for
five variants of ephedrine, a drug used to
increase energy and alertness and to lose weight
by speeding up metabolism.
• Anderson Silva
Shane Warne
• On the eve of their 2003 World Cup match
against Pakistan, the Australian board called a
press conference and announced that Shane
Warne had advised them he had failed a
routine drug test and would be returning
home immediately.
• Warne tested positive for Moduretic, a
prescription drug widely used in the
treatment of hypertension, high blood
pressure and fluid retention. But one that
could act as a masking agent for steroids by
diluting traces of the substance in the urine.
Shoaib Akhtar

• In 2006, a three-man tribunal formed

by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB)
found Shoaib Akhtar guilty of using the
steroid nandrolone that is used to aid
recovery from injury, increase muscle
size, strength and power and increase
aggression.
Maria Sharapova
• Maria Sharapova and Meldonium at the
Australian Open. Meldonium is prescribed
to help protect heart tissue by regulating
metabolism. But the drug also helps with
an increase in endurance performance of
athletes, improved rehabilitation after
exercise, protection against stress, and
enhanced activations of central nervous
system functions. Meldonium only came
to the World Anti-Doping Agency’s
attention a few years ago and was banned
in January 2016.
Sini Jose

• Sini Jose is an Indian sprint athlete from

Ernakulam district, Kerala who specializes in 400
metres. Sini won the Gold Medal at the 2010
Commonwealth Games and 2010 Asian Games
in 4x400 m relay event with Manjeet Kaur, A. C.
Ashwini, and Mandeep Kaur.
• Born: 25 May 1987 (age
34 years), Muvattupuzha
• सिनी जोस
Ashwini Akkunji
Olympic athlete

Ashwini Chidananda Shetty Akkunji is an Indian sprint

athlete from Siddapura, Udupi who specializes in 400
metres. In July 2011 prior to Asian athletics
championships in Kobe (Japan) she tested positive
for anabolic steroids.
Born: 7 October 1987 (age 33 years), Siddapura
Height: 1.84 m
Weight: 58 kg
Current team: India
Other name: jansale express
Narsingh Pancham Yadav
Olympic athlete
Narsingh Pancham Yadav is an Indian wrestler. At the 2010
Commonwealth Games, he won the gold medal in the men's
freestyle 74 kg category. He was banned for 4 years and barred
from the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro by the
Court of Arbitration for Sport after the World Anti-Doping Agency
(WADA) appealed against the decision of the
National Anti-Doping Agency to allow him to compete even after he
failed a doping test by testing positive for anabolic steroids. The
National Anti-Doping Agency claimed Yadav's sample had been
sabotaged by a rival.
Born: 6 August 1989 (age 32 years), Varanasi
Height: 1.65 m
Weight: 74 kg
Spouse: Shilpi Sheoran (m. 2016)
Siblings: Vinod Yadav
Parents: Pancham Yadav, Bhulna Devi
Sourabh Vij Sourabh Vij is an Indian shot putter. He won gold at the
second Commonwealth Youth Games. In 2006 he won
an Asian Junior silver medal and represented India at the
2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics. At the
2012 London Games as at the World Championships in
Daegu, he committed three consecutive foul jumps at the
qualifying stage, stopped his Olympic campaign. Renjith,
had performed badly at the Beijing Olympics too, where
he came up with a best of 15.77m. Later, he tested
positive for a stimulant but was let off with a three-month
suspension.

Born: 14 June 1987

(age 34 years), India
Renjith Maheshwary
Olympic athlete
Renjith Maheśwary is an Indian triple jumper. He finished fourth at the
2006 Asian Games and won the 2007 Asian Championships. He also
competed at the 2007 World Championships, the 2011 World
Championships and the 2013 World Championships but did not reach
the final in any of those events. At the 2012 London Games as at the
World Championships in Daegu, he committed three consecutive foul
jumps at the qualifying stage, stopped his Olympic campaign. Renjith,
had performed badly at the Beijing Olympics too, where he came up
with a best of 15.77m. Later, he tested positive for a stimulant but was
let off with a three-month suspension.
Born: 30 January 1986 (age 35 years), Kottayam
Height: 1.84 m
Weight: 79 kg
Spouse: V. S. Surekha
Event: Triple jump