When scientists discovered
Gregor Mendel’s work on the
basics of genetics, it was
hailed as a major
breakthrough.
For the first time, scientists
could reliably predict and
describe what was happening
when two organisms with
known traits were bred to
produce offspring.
Scientists began noticing that
not all the traits that they
predicted in test crosses
followed Mendel’s laws of
inheritance.
ex. eye color
Scientists determined that,
although Mendel was correct
in his ideas, the big picture of
genetics is a lot more
complicated.
The dominant allele is not
__________ expressed when
the recessive allele is
around.
The phenotype will be
somewhere in between (like
paint _____ together).
Ex. In snapdragons, red
flowers (RR) are crossed with
white flowers (rr) to form
pink flowers (Rr).
ncomplete Dominance
Practice Problem #1:
If tail length in cats is an
incompletely dominant trait,
H H
what would be the resulting
offspring in a cross of a long- h
tailed cat (HH) with a short-
tailed cat (hh)?
h
ncomplete Dominance
Practice Problem #2:
Flower color in orchids is an
incompletely dominant trait,
H h
where homozygous individuals
are blue (HH) or yellow (hh) in H
color. In a cross between two
green orchids, what percent of
the offspring would be expected
h
to have green flowers? Blue
flowers? Yellow flowers?
HH= blue flowers
hh= yellow flowers
Hh= green flowers
The alleles work together.
Both traits are ______ and
separately expressed.
When an organisms has two
different alleles (i.e., is a
heterozygote), it’ll express
both at the ____ time.
Ex. roan cows - Red cattle are
homozygous (RR) and white
are homozygous (WW). When
crossed, they produce red and
white cows (RW).
Codominance
Practice Problem #1: In a
certain fish, blue scales (BB)
and red scales (bb) are
codominant. When a fish has
B b
the hybrid genotype, it has a
patchwork of blue and red b
scales. Cross a patchwork fish
and a red fish and determine
the genotypic and phenotypic
b
ratio.
BB= blue scales
bb= red scales
Bb= patchwork (blue and red scales)
Codominance
Practice Problem #2:
In some chickens, the gene for
feather color is controlled by B W
codominance. The allele for black
feathers is B, and the allele for white B
feathers is W. The heterozygous
phenotype (speckled) is called W
erminette. If two erminette chickens
are crossed, what is the chance that
the offspring will be white? Black?
Speckled?
BB or HBHB= black
WW or HWHW= white
BW or HBHW= erminette (speckled)
a trait produced by
___________ genes
shows a range in
phenotype
ex. skin color, height,
IQ, eye color
Genes from multiple chromosomes can be
used to code for a specific trait. In this
diagram, part of chromosomes 3, 5, and 8
are going to come together to produce the
proteins needed to code for the trait.
Multiple Alleles
having more than two
______ for one gene.
ex. rabbit fur
Key
C = full color, dominant to
all other alleles
cch = chinchilla, partial defect
in pigmentation, dominant to
c and ch alleles
full color: CC, Ccch,Cch, Cc chinchilla: cchch, cchcch, or cchc
ch = Himalayan, color in
certain parts of the body,
dominant to the c allele
c = albino, no color,
recessive to all other alleles
Himalayan: chc or chch albino: cc
Multiple Alleles
Practice problem #1: Cross a full-colored rabbit that
carries the chinchilla allele with a chinchilla rabbit that
carries the Himalayan allele.
What is the phenotypic ratio of
the offspring? Key
C = full color, dominant to
C cch all other alleles
cch = chinchilla, partial defect
c
in pigmentation, dominant to
ch c and ch alleles
ch = Himalayan, color in
ch certain parts of the body,
dominant to the c allele
c = albino, no color,
recessive to all other alleles
Multiple Alleles
Practice problem #2: Cross a Himalayan rabbit who
caries the albino trait with a chinchilla rabbit who carries
the albino trait.
What is the phenotypic ratio of
the offspring? Key
C = full color, dominant to
ch c all other alleles
cch = chinchilla, partial defect
c
in pigmentation, dominant to
ch c and ch alleles
ch = Himalayan, color in
c certain parts of the body,
dominant to the c allele
c = albino, no color,
recessive to all other alleles
Multiple Alleles
Another example of
multiple alleles is
blood type.
There are 4 different
blood types:
A B
AB O
What determines
blood type?
Blood type is determined by proteins (antigens) on your red
blood cells. For example, type A blood contains the A antigen
on its red blood cells.
Multiple Alleles
Blood type consists of
two dominant allele
options and one
recessive allele option.
A B AB O
A & B are dominant A&B show O is recessive
codominance
Multiple Alleles
Blood type alleles:
IAIA
A
IAi
IB IB
B
IB i
AB IAIB
O ii
Multiple Alleles
Practice Problem #3:
Cross a man with type A blood (IAi)
who is a carrier for O with a woman IA i
that has type O blood (ii).
i
What is the genotypic and
phenotypic ratio for the offspring? i
Multiple Alleles
Practice Problem #4:
A male with type AB blood is crossed
with a female with type O blood. IA IB
What is the genotypic and i
phenotypic ratio for the offspring?
i
Sex-Linked Traits
Recall:
Humans have 46
chromosomes.
Chromosomes are made up of
DNA & proteins, and they
contain your genes.
2 of your 46 chromosomes are
your sex chromosomes.
The sex chromosomes are
called X and Y chromosomes.
Everyone has an X
chromosome.
XX: female
XY: male
Sex-Linked Traits
Sex-linked traits are traits that
are specifically on the sex
chromosomes.
Most sex-linked traits are on
the __ chromosome (b/c it’s
larger and contains more
genes).
ex. hemophilia, color
blindness
Sex-Linked Traits
It is more common for males
to have X-linked disorders, like
hemophilia.
Why do you think this is? XX h
Because females have two
copies of the X chromosome
and males have only one X
chromosome, X-linked
recessive diseases are more
X Y
h
common among males than
females.
Sex-Linked Traits
Practice problem #1: A
woman that is a carrier for
color blindness (XXn) is
crossed with a normal male
XY. X Xn
What is the chance that they
will have a child that is color
X
blind?
Y
Sex-Linked Traits
Practice problem #2:
Hemophilia is a recessive, X-
linked genetic disorder. Affected
individuals’ blood does not clot
properly. Cross a male with
hemophilia with a female who is
X X
neither affected nor is a carrier
of the disease.
Xn
What is the chance that they will Y
produce offspring with
hemophilia?