LINEAR IC APPLICATIONS
Topic # Introduction
[Link] Rao
IARE10040
Department of
Electronics and
Communication
Engineering
1
Lecture # 1
Introduction to LICA
Topics to be covered
AECD08– LICA
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Unit 1 syllabus
MODULE - I: OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS (10)
Operational Amplifier: Differential Amplifier, DC and AC analysis of dual input
balanced output configuration, dual input unbalanced output. Characteristics of Op-
amps, Op-amp block diagram, ideal and practical Op-amp specifications. DC
characteristics: Input & output offset voltages & currents, drift. AC characteristics:
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Frequency response, slew rate, CMRR and PSRR.
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Introduction to
ICs
An electronic circuit is a group of electronic components connected for a specific
purpose.
A simple electronic circuit can be designed easily because it requires few discrete
electronic components and connections.
Designing a complex electronic circuit is difficult, as it requires more number of
discrete electronic components and their connections.
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It is also time taking to build such complex circuits and their reliability is also less.
These difficulties can be overcome with Integrated Circuits.
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Introduction to
ICs
Integrated Circuit (IC)
If multiple electronic components are interconnected on a single chip of
semiconductor material, then that chip is called as an Integrated Circuit (IC). It
consists of both active and passive components.
Classifications of ICs:
Analog IC - work with a composite signal
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- an example is operational amplifier
Digital IC - work with digital signal
- an example is logical circuit
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Introduction to
ICs
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Introduction to
ICs
Advantages:
Small size
Low cost
Less weight
Low supply voltages
Low power consumption
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Highly reliable
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Introduction to
ICs
Chip size and Complexity
Invention of Transistor (Ge) – 1947
Development of Silicon - 1955-1959
Silicon Planar Technology – 1959
First ICs, SSI ( <100gates/chip) – 1960
MSI - 1965-1970
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LSI 1970-1975
VLSI 1975
ULSI (more than one million active devices are integrated on single chip)
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Introduction to
ICs
Chip size and Complexity:
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Introduction to
ICs
The IC packages are classified as,
• Metal Can
• Dual In Line
• Flat Pack
Metal Can Package:
Heat dissipation is important
For high power applications like power amplifiers, voltage
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regulators etc.
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Introduction to
ICs
Dual- In-Line package
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For experimental or bread boarding purposes as easy to mount
If bending or soldering of the leads is not required
Suitable for printed circuit boards as lead spacing is more
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Introduction to
ICs FLAT PACKAGE
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More reliability is required
Light in weight
Suited for airborne applications
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Package types and temperature ranges
Factors affecting selection of IC package
Relative cost
Reliability
Weight of the package
Ease of fabrication
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Power to be dissipated
Need of external heat sink
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Package types and temperature ranges
Manufacturer’s Designation for Linear ICs
Fairchild - µA, µAF
National Semiconductor - LM, LH, LF
Motorola - MC, MFC
RCA - CA, CD
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Texas Instruments - SN
Signetics - N/S, NE/SE
Burr- Brown - BB
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Introduction to
ICs
Fairchild’s original µA741 is also manufactured by other
manufactures as follows
National Semiconductor - LM741
Motorola - MC1741
RCA - CA3741
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Texas Instruments - SN52741
Signetics - N574
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Introduction to
ICs
741 Military grade op-amp
741C Commercial grade op-amp
741A Improved version of 741
741E Improved version of 741C
741S Military grade op-amp with higher slew rate
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741SC Commercial grade op-amp with higher slew rate
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Introduction to
ICs
• Military temperature range : -55oC to +125oC(-55oC to
+85oC)
• Industrial temperature range : -20oCto +85oC (-40oC to +85oC)
• Commercial temperature range: 0oC to +70oC
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Introduction Op
Amp
The operational amplifier (Op-Amp) is a multi terminal device which internally
is quite complex
An “Operational amplifier” is a direct coupled high-gain amplifier usually
consisting of one or more differential amplifiers and usually followed by a level
translator and output stage.
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The operational amplifier is a versatile device that can be used to amplify dc as
well as ac input signals and was originally designed for computing
mathematical functions as addition, subtraction, multiplication and integration
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Introduction to Op Amp
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Introduction to op Amp
Ideal Op-Amp specifications:
• The input resistance RIN would be infinite
• The output resistance ROUT would be zero
• The voltage gain, VG would be infinite
• The bandwidth (how quickly the output will follow the input) would be
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infinite
• If the voltages on the two inputs are equal than the output voltage is zero ( If the output
is not zero it is said to have an offset)
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Introduction to Op Amp
It can be seen that
(i) an ideal op-amp draws no current at both the input terminals i.e..
i1 = i2 = 0. Because of infinite input impedance, any signal source
can drive it and there is no loading on the preceding driver stage.
(ii) The output voltage Vo is independent of the current drawn from the
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output as R0 =0. The output thus can drive an infinite number of other
devices.
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Introduction to Op Amp
Practical OP-AMP characteristics
The open loop gain of practical Op – Amp greater than 10000.
Practical Op – Amp has non zero offset voltage. That is, the zero output is obtained
for the non – zero differential input voltage only.
The bandwidth of practical Op – Amp is not large. This can be increased to desired
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value by applying an adequate negative feedback to the Op – Amp.
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Introduction to
ICs
Thank You
AECD08 –LICA
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