20.

Reproduction

 Chapter 20
 Reproduction

1 2 3 4

produces Gametes Fertilization Creates

new (sperm & produces genetic
individuals egg) one cell (a variation
formed by zygote
testes and
ovaries
Importance
of
reproductive
sysytem
 Quite
different in
males and
Why reproductive system females
is unique from other
systems?

Turned on at
puberty
Male reproductive system

 Gonads produce gametes & secrete sex

hormones
 Reproductive systems
 Gonads, ducts, glands & supporting structures
 Male Reproductive System

Seminal vesicle-semen
Ductus deferens-sperm
Prostate-semen
duct
Urethra-urine Penis
Epididymis-sperm maturation
Scrotum-cools testis
Testis-sperm formation
 Gonads, ducts, sex glands & supporting structures
Male Reproductive System

Major Function: Makes sperm cells

(gametes) which can fertilize female
gametes to produce a zygote.
 Scrotum

 Sac of loose skin

having smooth
muscle divided into
two pouches by a
septum
 Sperm survival
requires 2-3 degrees
lower temperature
than core body
temperature
 Scrotum

• A pouch of skin
that hangs from
the body below
the pelvic cavity.

• Contains two
testes and their
associated
ducts.
Testes

 Paired oval glands

measuring 2 in. By 1in.
 Surrounded by dense
Septum
white capsule
 Septa form 250 -
Lobule
300 compartments
called lobules
Seminiferous tubule
 Each is filled with 1 to
Capsule 4 seminiferous tubules
where sperm are
formed
Seminiferous Tubules

 Seminiferous tubules contain

 Sperm forming cells
 Sertoli cells (supporting cells)
 Interstitial cells in between tubules secrete
testosterone
Seminiferous Tubules

Sperm is manufactured
in a network of tubules
called seminiferous
tubules
Pathway

1. Seminiferous tubules
2. Rete testis
3. Efferent ductules
4. Epididymis
5. Ductus deference
6. Ejaculatory duct
7. Prostate gland
8. Urethra
Epididymis

 The epididymis holds the testes in place

and connects the testes to the Vas
Deferens.
Vas Deferens/sperm duct/vas
deference
 Drains the testes and epididymis,
carrying sperm to the pelvic cavity.
 Male Glands

Prostate
Secretes 30% of milky, slightly
acidic seminal fluid with an
Seminal Vesicles antibiotic to kill bacteria
Secrete 60% of clear, alkaline
seminal fluid, with fructose sugar,
ATP and prostaglandins for normal
sperm nutrition & function Cowper’s Glands
Chemicals for coagulation of semen Secrete clear, alkaline
mucus to buffer and lubricate
urethra
Penis(copulatory organ)

 The penis delivers sperm into the

female reproductive tract.
 Penis

 The shaft of the penis is composed

of erectile tissue and the urethra.

 The opening is called the

External urethral orifice.
Sertoli Cells and Sperm Cells
Spermatogenesis
Sperm forming cells go through two meiotic divisions

 Each of four spermatids develop

into a sperm
 Second meiosis division give four
spermatids,each with 23 single
stranded chromosomes
 First meiosis division give two
secondary spermatocytes, each
with 23 chromosomes that
become double stranded.
 Primary spermatocyte with
2n=46 chromosomes
 Spermatogonium with 2n=46
chromosomes multiply by
mitosis.
Sperm Morphology

 Adapted for reaching and

fertilizing the egg
 Head contains DNA and
the acrosome with
enzymes for penetrating
the egg
 Midpiece contains
mitochondria to form ATP
for energy
 Tail is flagellum used for
locomotion
Hormonal Control of Male Physiology
Hypothalamus • Hypothalamus secretes
gonadotropin releasing
GnRh
hormone (GnRH)
• Anterior pituitary secretes
Anterior Pituitary
FSH and LH
Follicle Stimulating Luteinizing • FSH causes Sertoli cells to
Hormone Hormone secrete ABP and inhibin
• LH causes interstitial cells to
Sertoli Cells Interstitial Cells
secrete testosterone
• ABP and testosterone
Androgen Binding Testosterone
Protein stimulate spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
• Control is Negative FB by
testosterone and inhibin
Female reproductive system

Far more complex than male.

1. Produce egg
2. Nurture embryo
Female Reproductive System

 Ovaries produce
eggs (oöcytes) &
hormones
Uterine Tube
 Uterine
tubes(oviduct)
Ovary
transport the eggs
Uterus

 Uterus where fetal

Vagina
development occurs

 Vagina or birth canal

Vulva
 The Ovary
 Pair of organs, size
of unshelled
almonds in upper
pelvic region Capsule
Capsule
 Held in peritoneum
cavity by ligaments
 Solid ovoid structure
3-5 cm long
 2-3cm wide
 Ovary has ovarine
follicles
Ovarian Follicles
 Ovarian Follicles
 Contain oöcytes (egg cells) in various
stages of development
 Secrete estrogens that function for:-
 Growth and repair of uterine lining
 Regulation of monthly female cycle
 Female sexual characteristics
 Maintenance of bone and muscle
 Mature (Graafian) follicle releases an
oöcyte each month during ovulation
Ovarian Follicles
 Oöcytes (egg cells)
develop within follicles
 Stages of follicular
development
 Primordial follicle
 Single layer of squamous
cells around the oöcyte
 Primary follicle
 Layers of cuboidal
granulosa cells around
the oöcyte
 Granulosa cells secrete
estrogens
 Ovarian Follicles

 Secondary
follicle
 Antral cavity
forms
 Graafian follicle
 Follicle mature
ready to ovulate
oöcyte
 Ovulation
 Follicle ruptures
releasing oöcyte
 Corpus Luteum
 After ovulation, empty
follicle becomes a corpus
luteum
 Corpus Luteum secretes:-
 Progesterone – completes the
preparation of uterine lining
 Estrogens – work with
progesterone
 Relaxin – relaxes uterine
muscles and pubic symphysis
 Inhibin – decreases secretion
of FSH and LH
 Corpus albicans is a
white scar tissue left
after the corpus luteum
dies.
Oogenesis – Oogonia to Oocytes

 Germ cells migrate to ovary and become

potential egg cells called oogonia
 In fetus, millions of oogonia produced by mitosis
but most of them degenerate (atresia)
 Some develop into immature egg cells called
primary oocytes during fetal development
 200,000 to 2 millions present at birth
 40,000 remain at puberty but only 400 mature during a
woman’s reproductive life
 Each month about 20 primary oocytes become
secondary oocytes but usually only one survives
to be ovulated from Graffian follicle
 Oögenesis
Egg forming cells (oöcytes) go
through two divisions
1º = primary
2º = secondary
• Starts with a 2n=46 1ºoöcyte
that divides, resulting in two
n=23 cells, but one is a large
2º oöcyte and one is a small
1st polar body that may
itself divide
• Second division only occurs
if 2º oöcyte is fertilized.
Results in one large n=23
ovum (egg) and one small
n=23 2nd polar body
Uterine or Fallopian
Tubes/oviduct  Narrow,10 cm tube that extends
from the ovary to uterus.

 Site of fertilization
Uterine or Fallopian Tube

 Fertilization occurs within 24 hours after ovulation

 Zygote reaches uterus about 7 days after ovulation
 Anatomy of the Uterus(Womb)

 Site of menstruation
& development of fetus
 Subdivided into fundus,
body & cervix
 Histology of the Uterus
 Endometrium
 Simple columnar epithelium
 Stroma of connective tissue
and endometrial glands
 Functional layer
 Shed during menstruation
 Basal layer
 Replaces functional layer
each month

 Myometrium
 3 layers of smooth muscle
 Perimetrium
 Visceral peritoneum
Cervix

 Narrow entrance to the uterus

 Normally blocked by a plug of mucous
Vagina

 Passageway for birth, menstrual flow

and intercourse
 Description
 8-10cm long fibromuscular organ ending at
cervix
 Lies between urinary bladder and rectum
 Orifice partially closed with membrane
(hymen)
Female Reproductive Cycle

 Controlled by monthly hormonal cycle from

the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and
ovary
 Monthly cycle of changes in ovary and uterus
 Ovarian cycle
 Changes in ovary during and after maturation of the
follicle and oocyte
 Uterine cycle (menstrual cycle)
 Preparation of the uterus to receive fertilized ovum
 If implantation does not occur, the functional layer of
endometrium is shed during menstruation
Hormonal Regulation of Reproductive
Cycle
 Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
(GnRH), secreted by the
hypothalamus, controls the female
reproductive cycle
 Stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) &
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
 FSH & LH target the ovaries and drive
the ovarian cycle (monthly changes in
the ovary)
 Estrogens and progesterone from the
ovaries drive the uterine cycle
(monthly changes in the uterus)
 Phases of Ovarian Cycle
 Follicular Phase
 FSH from anterior pituitary stimulates follicle growth
 Follicles grow into Graafian (mature) follicle
 Granulosa cells of follicle secrete estrogens and inhibin
 Increasing levels of estrogens and inhibin inhibit FSH
 Increasing estrogens also stimulates secretion of LH

 Ovulation
 LH stimulates rupture of the Graafian follicle and release
of oöcyte from ovary into the pelvic cavity
 Fimbriae of Fallopian tube picks up the ovulated oocyte
 Phase of Ovarian Cycle
 Luteal phase (postovulatory phase)
 LH stimulates development of Corpus luteum from
ovulated or ruptured follicle
 Corpus luteum secretes mostly progesterone & some
estrogens
 Progesterone prepares endometrium for possible
pregnancy

Follicular Phase Ovulation Luteal Phase

Phases of Uterine Cycle
 Proliferative phase
 Rising estrogen levels from the
growing follicle stimulates
growth of the functional layer of
endometrium to 4-10 mm
thickness

 Secretory phase
 Corpus luteum of ovary secretes
progesterone
 Progesterone stimulates
 Increased thickening of the functional layer of
endometrium to 12-18 mm
 Increased blood supply into the endometrium
 Growth of endometrial glands and secretion of uterine
Phase of Uterine Cycle

 Menstruation phase (menses)

 Decline in progesterone levels causes functional
layer of endometrium to discharge resulting in
vaginal bleeding called menstruation
 Mark the beginning of the next cycle
Summary of Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles
  If no pregnancy
 Increasing levels of progesterone cause
negative feedback that inhibits LH
secretion
 After about two weeks corpus luteum
atrophies to corpus albicans (white
Negative body)
 Progesterone and estrogen levels
Feedback decline
Controls  Functional layer of endometrium
Cycle discharged into first five days of next
cycle
Negative Feedback

 Starting the next cycle

 With the decline in progesterone,
estrogens and inhibin secretion:-
 Inhibition of GnRH, FSH and LH stops
 Renewed secretion of these hormones
starts a new cycle of growth and
preparation in ovaries and uterus
Disorders of reproductive system

 Infertility
 Failure to achieve pregnancy
1. Causes of male infertility
2. Causes of female infertility
[Link] of
male infertility
a) Azoospermia: no
sperms
b) Oligospermia: 20
million/ml
c) Sperm deformities:
change in shape
d) Autoimmune disorder:
Causes of female infertility

a) Failure to ovulate; deficiency of pituitary hormones

b) Blocked oviduct: infection block duct
c) Uterus damage: fibroids are benign(non-cancereous)
d) Cervical mucous defect: mucous don’t become thin
e) Endometriosis:
Treatment of
infertility
1. Surgical
2. Hormonal
3. invitro
Invitro fertilization
Steps

 Pre embryos
 10,000 healthy sperms at each egg after 6
hours collection time
 Fertilized egg grown about 2 to 8 cell stage
 Transfer back to cervix
 Treatment of progesterone.
Miscarriage

 Pre mature birth too survive

 28th week of pregnancy
 Causes :
1. Implantation near cervix
2. Normal positioned placenta may tear
3. Live birth before EDD is called premature birth.
Abortions

 Induced premature termination of pregnancy

 Natural abortion or spontaneous
abortion(miscarriage)
STDs

 Contagious
 Pathogens
 Gonorrhoea
 Syphilis
 AIDS
Mitosis
Meiosis
 Quiz
Chemical Coordination

 Multiple choice questions


Question 1. A human hormone reducing blood flow to the
digestive system and skin during stress is
A. Thyroxin
B. Adrenaline
C. Growth hormone
D. Insulin
Question 2. Hormone associated with gonads
A. Testosterone
B. Estrogen
C. Auxin
D. Both (A) and (B)
Question 3. Name the hormone which controls the basal
metabolic rate in animals
A. Adrenaline
B. Thyroxine
C. Aldosterone
D. Oxytocin
 Question 4. _______is responsible for maintaining
metabolism of body
A. Pineal
B. Kidney
C. Thyroid
D. Adrenal
Question 5. Deficiency of ______cause dwarfism
A. GH
B. FSH
C. LH
D. All of these
Question 6. A person consuming sea food is least
likely to develop
A. Diabetese
B. Goiter
C. Both A and B
D. Heart Diseases
 Question 7. A patient of diabetes is not producing
A. Insulin
B. Thyroxin
C. Oestrogen
D. Adrenaline
Question 8. Growth hormone is produced by
A. Adrenal
B. Pituitary
C. Pancreas
D. Thyroid
Question 9. Which of the following gland is unpaired?
A. Adrenal
B. Testis
C. Pituitary
D. Ovary
Question 10. Which of the following is commonly
known as ‘birth hormone’?
A. Prolactin
B. Oxytocin
C. ADH
D. FSH