Chapter 9
Linear Momentum and
Collisions
Units of Chapter 9
• Linear Momentum
• Momentum and Newton’s Second Law
• Impulse
• Conservation of Linear Momentum
• Inelastic Collisions
• Elastic Collisions
Units of Chapter 9
• Center of Mass
• Systems with Changing Mass: Rocket
Propulsion
9-1 Linear Momentum
Momentum is a vector; its direction is the
same as the direction of the velocity.
9-1 Linear Momentum
Change in momentum:
(a) mv
(b) 2mv
9-2 Momentum and Newton’s Second Law
Newton’s second law, as we wrote it before:
is only valid for objects that have constant
mass. Here is a more general form, also
useful when the mass is changing:
9-3 Impulse
Impulse is a vector, in the same direction
as the average force.
9-3 Impulse
We can rewrite
as
So we see that
The impulse is equal to the change in
momentum.
9-3 Impulse
Therefore, the same
change in momentum
may be produced by a
large force acting for a
short time, or by a
smaller force acting for a
longer time.
9-4 Conservation of Linear Momentum
The net force acting on an object is the rate
of change of its momentum:
If the net force is zero, the momentum does not
change:
9-4 Conservation of Linear Momentum
Internal Versus External Forces:
Internal forces act between objects within the
system.
As with all forces, they occur in action-reaction
pairs. As all pairs act between objects in the
system, the internal forces always sum to zero:
Therefore, the net force acting on a system is
the sum of the external forces acting on it.
9-4 Conservation of Linear Momentum
Furthermore, internal forces cannot change the
momentum of a system.
However, the momenta of components of the
system may change.
9-4 Conservation of Linear Momentum
An example of internal forces moving
components of a system:
9-5 Inelastic Collisions
Collision: two objects striking one another
Time of collision is short enough that external
forces may be ignored
Inelastic collision: momentum is conserved but
kinetic energy is not
Completely inelastic collision: objects stick
together afterwards
9-5 Inelastic Collisions
A completely inelastic collision:
9-5 Inelastic Collisions
Solving for the final momentum in terms of the
initial momenta and masses:
9-5 Inelastic Collisions
Ballistic pendulum: the height h can be found
using conservation of mechanical energy after
the object is embedded in the block.
9-5 Inelastic Collisions
For collisions in two dimensions, conservation
of momentum is applied separately along each
axis:
9-6 Elastic Collisions
In elastic collisions, both kinetic energy and
momentum are conserved.
One-dimensional elastic collision:
9-6 Elastic Collisions
We have two equations (conservation of
momentum and conservation of kinetic energy)
and two unknowns (the final speeds). Solving for
the final speeds:
9-6 Elastic Collisions
Two-dimensional collisions can only be solved if
some of the final information is known, such as
the final velocity of one object:
9-7 Center of Mass
The center of mass of a system is the point where
the system can be balanced in a uniform
gravitational field.
9-7 Center of Mass
For two objects:
The center of mass is closer to the more
massive object.
9-7 Center of Mass
The center of mass need not be within the object:
9-7 Center of Mass
Motion of the center of mass:
9-7 Center of Mass
The total mass multiplied by the acceleration of
the center of mass is equal to the net external
force:
The center of mass
accelerates just as
though it were a point
particle of mass M
acted on by
9-8 Systems with Changing Mass:
Rocket Propulsion
If a mass of fuel Δm is ejected from a rocket
with speed v, the change in momentum of the
rocket is:
The force, or thrust, is
Summary of Chapter 9
• Linear momentum:
• Momentum is a vector
• Newton’s second law:
• Impulse:
• Impulse is a vector
• The impulse is equal to the change in
momentum
• If the time is short, the force can be quite
large
Summary of Chapter 9
• Momentum is conserved if the net external
force is zero
• Internal forces within a system always sum to
zero
• In collision, assume external forces can be
ignored
• Inelastic collision: kinetic energy is not
conserved
• Completely inelastic collision: the objects
stick together afterward
Summary of Chapter 9
• A one-dimensional collision takes place along
a line
• In two dimensions, conservation of
momentum is applied separately to each
• Elastic collision: kinetic energy is conserved
• Center of mass:
Summary of Chapter 9
• Center of mass:
Summary of Chapter 9
• Motion of center of mass:
• Rocket propulsion: