Discovering Computers
Fundamentals,
2010 Edition
Living in a Digital World
Objectives Overview
See Page 417 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 2
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 11
Objectives Overview
See Page 417 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 3
for Detailed Objectives Chapter 11
System Development
Page 418 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 4
Chapter 11
System Development
Page 418 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 5
Figure 11-1 Chapter 11
System Development
• System development should follow three general
guidelines:
Page 419 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 6
Chapter 11
System Development
• System development should involve representatives from each
department in which the proposed system will be used
Page 419 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 7
Figure 11-2 Chapter 11
System Development
• Project management is the process of planning,
scheduling, and then controlling the activities during
system development
• To plan and schedule a project efficiently, the project
leader identifies:
Page 420 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 8
Chapter 11
System Development
A popular tool
used to plan
and schedule
the time
relationships
among project
activities is a
Gantt chart
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Gantt Charts below
Chapter 11
Pages 420 - 421 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 9
Figure 11-3a Chapter 11
System Development
A PERT chart
also can be
used for
planning and
scheduling time
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click PERT Charts below
Chapter 11
Pages 420 - 421 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 10
Figure 11-3b Chapter 11
System Development
• Feasibility is a measure of how suitable the
development of a system will be to the
organization
Page 421 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 11
Chapter 11
System Development
• Documentation is the collection and
summarization of data and information and
includes:
– Reports
– Diagrams
– Programs
– Other information generated during system
development
Page 422 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 12
Chapter 11
System Development
• During system development, members of the project
team gather data and information using several
techniques
Pages 422 - 423 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 13
Figure 11-4 Chapter 11
System Development
Page 423 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 14
Chapter 11
System Development
Page 424 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 15
Figure 11-5 Chapter 11
System Development
• The planning phase for a project begins when the
steering committee receives a project request
• Four major activities are performed:
Page 425 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 16
Chapter 11
System Development
• The analysis phase consists of two major
activities:
Pages 425 - 427 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 17
Chapter 11
System Development
Page 426 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 18
Figure 11-6 Chapter 11
System Development
• The system proposal assesses the feasibility of
each alternative solution
• The steering committee discusses the system
proposal and decides which alternative to pursue
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click Vertical Market
Software below Chapter 11
Pages 427 - 428 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 19
Chapter 11
System Development
• The design phase consists of two major activities
Page 428 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 20
Chapter 11
System Development
• To acquire the necessary hardware and software:
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
then click E-Zines below
Chapter 11
Pages 428 - 430 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 21
Chapter 11
System Development
• The next step is to develop detailed design
specifications
– Sometimes called a physical design
Page 430 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 22
Chapter 11
System Development
• Systems analysts typically develop two types of
designs for each input and output
Mockup Layout chart
Pages 430 - 431 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 23
Figures 11-8 – 11-9 Chapter 11
System Development
• A prototype (proof of concept) is a working model
of the proposed system
– Prototypes have inadequate or missing documentation
– Users tend to embrace the prototype as a final system
– Should not eliminate or replace activities
Page 431 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 24
Chapter 11
System Development
• Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
tools are designed to support one or more
activities of system development
Page 432 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 25
Figure 11-10 Chapter 11
System Development
• The purpose of the implementation phase is to
construct the new or modified system and then
deliver it
Page 432 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 26
Chapter 11
System Development
• Various tests should be performed on the new
system
Page 433 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 27
Chapter 11
System Development
• Training involves showing users exactly how they
will use the new hardware and software in the
system
– One-on-one sessions
– Classroom-style lectures
– Web-based training
Page 433 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 28
Figure 11-11 Chapter 11
System Development
• One or more of four conversion strategies can be
used to change from the old system to the new
system
– Direct conversion
– Parallel conversion
– Phased conversion
– Pilot conversion
Pages 433 - 434 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 29
Chapter 11
System Development
• The purpose of the operation, support, and
security phase is to provide ongoing assistance for
an information system and its users after the
system is implemented
Page 434 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 30
Chapter 11
System Development
• A computer security plan should do the following:
Page 434 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 31
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• A computer program is a series of instructions
that directs a computer to perform tasks
– Created by a programmer using a programming
language
Pages 435 - 436 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 32
Figure 11-12 Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• Machine language is the
first generation of
programming languages
• Only language the
computer directly
recognizes
Page 436 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 33
Figure 11-13 Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• Assembly language is the
second generation of
programming languages
• Programmer writes
instructions using
symbolic instruction
codes
• A source program
contains the code to be
converted to machine
language
Page 437 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 34
Figure 11-14 Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• In a procedural language, the programmer writes
instructions that tell the computer what to
accomplish and how to do it
– Third-generation language (3GL)
Page 438 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 35
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
Pages 438 – 439 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 36
Figures 11-15 – 11-16 Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• The C programming language is used to write
many of today’s programs
Page 439 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 37
Figure 11-17 Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language) is
designed for business applications, but easy to
read because of the English-like statements
Page 440 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 38
Figure 11-18 Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• An object-oriented programming (OOP) language allows
programmers the ability to reuse and modify existing
objects
• Other advantages include:
Page 440 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 39
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• Java is an object-oriented programming language
developed by Sun Microsystems
• The Just-in-time (JIT) compiler to convert the bytecode
into machine-dependent code
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Java Platforms
below Chapter 11
Pages 440 - 441 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 40
Figure 11-19 Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• The Microsoft .NET Framework allows almost any
type of program to run on the Internet or an
internal business network, as well as computers
and mobile devices
Page 441 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 41
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• C++ is an extension of the C programming
language
– Additional features for working with objects, classes,
events, and other object-oriented concepts
• C# is based on C++ and was developed by
Microsoft
Page 441 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 42
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
Pages 441 - 443 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 43
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
Page 442 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 44
Figure 11-20 Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
Page 443 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 45
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• PowerBuilder is a powerful program development
RAD tool
• Best suited for Web-based, .NET, and large-scale
enterprise object-oriented applications
Page 443 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 46
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• A 4GL (fourth-generation language) is a
nonprocedural language that enables users and
programmers to access data in a database
– One popular 4GL is SQL
Page 443 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 47
Figure 11-21 Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• Classic programming languages include:
Page 444 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 48
Figure 11-22 Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• An application generator is a program that creates
source code or machine code from a specification of the
required functionality
– Often bundled as part of a DBMS
Pages 444 - 445 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 49
Figure 11-23 Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• A macro is a series of statements that instructs an
application how to complete a task
• You usually create the macro in one of two ways:
– Record the macro with a macro recorder
– Write the macro
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Macros below Chapter 11
Page 445 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 50
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• HTML is a special
formatting language
that programmers use
to format documents
for display on the Web
• XHTML is a markup
language that allows
Web sites to be
displayed more easily
on mobile devices
Page 446 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 51
Figure 11-24 Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• XML allows Web developers to create customized
tags and use predefined tags to display content
appropriately on various devices
– WML is a subset of XML and is used to design pages
for microbrowsers
• Two applications of XML are RSS 2.0 and ATOM
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
XML below Chapter 11
Pages 446 - 447 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 52
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• Web browsers can execute short programs to add
interactive elements to Web pages
• To send and receive information between your computer
and a Web server, these programs use the CGI (common
gateway interface)
Page 447 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 53
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• Programmers write scripts, applets, servlets, or
ActiveX controls using a variety of languages
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 11, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
PHP below Chapter 11
Pages 447 - 448 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 54
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
Page 448 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 55
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• Web 2.0 allows Web sites to provide a means for
users to:
Page 448 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 56
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• Most Web 2.0 sites use APIs
– An API enables programmers to interact with an
environment such as a Web site or operating system
Page 448 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 57
Figure 11-26 Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• Web page authoring software can create
sophisticated Web pages that include images,
video, audio, animation, and other effects
Page 449 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 58
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
• Multimedia authoring software allows
programmers to combine text, graphics,
animation, audio, and video in an interactive
presentation
Page 449 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 59
Chapter 11
Programming Languages and Program
Development Tools
Page 449 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 60
Figure 11-27 Chapter 11
Program Development Cycle
• Program development consists of a series of steps
programmers use to build computer programs
Pages 450 - 451 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 61
Figure 11-28 Chapter 11
Program Development Cycle
• The sequence control structure shows one or
more actions following each other in order
Page 452 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 62
Figure 11-29 Chapter 11
Program Development Cycle
• The selection control
structure tells the
program which action
to take, based on a
certain condition
– If-then-else
– Case
Page 452 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 63
Figure 11-30 Chapter 11
Program Development Cycle
Page 453 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 64
Figure 11-31 Chapter 11
Program Development Cycle
• The repetition control structure enables a program to
perform one or more actions repeatedly as long as a
certain condition is met
Page 453 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 65
Figures 11-32 – 11-33 Chapter 11
Video: Electronic Arts Going Mobile
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Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 66
Chapter 11
Summary
Page 454 Discovering Computers Fundamentals, 2010 Edition 67
Chapter 11
Discovering Computers
Fundamentals,
2010 Edition
Living in a Digital World
Chapter 11 Complete