• A tube anemometer measures wind speed by comparing the air
pressure inside a glass tube to the air pressure outside the tube:
• A tube anemometer is a glass tube that is closed at one end.
• The tube is mounted on a pole or mast and pointed into the wind.
• As the wind blows, air pressure builds up in the tube.
• The increase in liquid level inside the tube is used to calculate the
wind speed.
• Anemometers are used in weather stations, for aeronautical purposes,
and to indicate changes in weather patterns.
Faraday’s Formula
E is proportional to V x B x D where:
E = The voltage generated in a conductor
V = The velocity of the conductor
B = The magnetic field strength
D = The length of the conductor
Piezo electric sensor.
Piezo electric sensor
• A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the
piezoelectric effect to measure changes in pressure,
acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting them
to an electrical charge. The prefix piezo- is Greek for 'press' or
'squeeze’.
• Piezoelectric sensors are essential in various applications such
as industrial, medical, aerospace engineering and military
operations. Piezoelectric sensors also play a role in numerous
everyday devices and applications, including smartphones,
musical instruments, automotive sensing, and structural health
monitoring in airplanes, buildings and bridges.
• A piezoelectric sensor is a device that can convert various physical forces,
including pressure, vibration and temperature, into electrical charges that can
be measured. Piezoelectric sensors are in various electronic objects such as
flow meters, sensors etc.
• Piezoelectric sensors demand low power and are affordable. They are
popular because of the following characteristics:
High voltage output
Robust and impact resistant
Low-power consumption
Small and compact
Wide frequency range
How Does a Piezoelectric Sensor Works?
• A piezoelectric sensor sends a signal when it sustains a physical force,
which might be pressing, pushing, or changing temperature.
Piezoelectric sensors generate an output signal directly from applied
stress, requiring no external voltage.
• The piezoelectric effect is the process that enables a signal output. This
effect is how materials such as certain engineered ceramics, synthetics
and select naturally-forming crystals generate an electric charge when
they sustain mechanical stress like squeezing or pushing.
Tachogenerator
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Tachometer generators (or tachogenerators)
Tacho Generators - Explain that a tacho generator (or tachogenerator) is a type of sensor
used to measure rotational speed, often in feedback systems for motors. -
• Purpose: Highlight how tacho generators convert rotational speed into a measurable
electrical signal, which can be used for speed monitoring and control in various
applications.
Working Principle of Tacho Generators -
• Electromagnetic Induction: Introduce the basic principle: when a coil or conductor moves
in a magnetic field, an electromotive force (EMF) is induced. Tacho generators rely on
this principle to produce a voltage proportional to the rotational speed. -
Components
• : - *Rotor*: Rotates with the shaft whose speed is being measured.
• - *Stator*: Contains windings where voltage is induced.
• - *Process*: - Explain how the rotation of the shaft causes the rotor to turn within the
stator’s magnetic field, generating a voltage. This voltage is directly proportional to the
speed of rotation.
Types of Tacho Generators: -
• DC Tacho Generators: Describe how they generate a DC voltage proportional
to the rotation speed. -
• AC Tacho Generators: Explain that they produce an AC voltage with a
frequency related to speed.###
Advantages of Tacho Generators
• Direct Speed Measurement: They provide a direct and real-time measurement
of speed.
• Simple and Durable: With fewer moving parts, they tend to have long
operational lives and require minimal maintenance. -
• Wide Range of Applications: They are suitable for applications requiring
precise speed control. -
• Linear Output (in some models): For certain types of tacho generators, the
output voltage is linearly proportional to the speed, simplifying interpretation.
Digital sensor.
• Eddy current sensor.
Stroboscope.