GENERAL
BIOLOGY 2
History
of Earth
Explained
through
Geologic
Relative Absolute
timescal
dating dating
e
GEOLOGIC
TIME
SCALE
DESCRIBE GENERAL FEATURES OF THE HISTORY OF LIFE ON
EARTH, INCLUDING GENERALLY ACCEPTED DATES AND SEQUENCE
OF THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR
GROUPS OF ORGANISMS PRESENT DURING THESE TIME PERIODS
DESCRIBE HOW INDEX FOSSILS OR GUIDE FOSSILS ARE
USED TO DEFINE AND IDENTIFY SUBDIVISIONS OF THE
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
isa system of chronological measurement that
relates stratigraphy to time.
used geologist to describe the timing and
relationships between events that have
occurred throughout the Earth’s history.
Geologist divided the Earth’s history into a
series of time intervals
Time intervals in the stratigraphic record
are represented by unique set of index
fossils
Fossils is a remnant of any ancient animal or
plant that has been preserved in rock.
The age of the fossil
is equal to
the age of the rock on which is found
Index fossils
1. It must have had hard
parts which favor
fossilization
2. It must have lived over a
short period time, before it
evolved into different creature
3. It must have good
distribution and lived all
over the planet.
Ammonites were common during the Mesozoic
era (245 to 65 Ma) and got extinct during the K-
T Extinction (65 Ma)
Trilobites
were common during the Paleozoic
(540 to 245 Ma). They evolved at the beginning
of the Paleozoic and went extinct during the
late Permian (248 Ma)
EARTH’S HISTORY
CHAPTER ONE: Precambrian is
PRECAMBRIAN subdivided into three
eons: Hadean, Archean,
The Precambrian and Proterozoic
accounts 88% of the
Earth’s history, starting
with the formation of
Earth about 4.54 Ga up
until 570 Ma.
Little is known about
Hadean (4.6 billion
years ago) because
there are few rocks of
gan to cool down, it was able to support
Banded iron formation:
nd continents sustaining atmosphere
ts formation began during the Archean
was formed.
6 billion-541 million years ago) Oxygen filled the ocean
from cynaobacteria
Atmosphere of volcanic
and greenhouse gases.
Accumulation of oxygen
The most common
in the Earth’s
Precambrian fossils are
atmosphere
stromatolites.
The Proterozoic Eon
(2, 500 to 541 million
years ago) was a very
tectonically active period
in the Earth's history.
Emergence of eukaryotes and fung
Bacteria began producing oxygen
More continents formed
CHAPTER TWO: It is further subdivided into the Paleozoic,
Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
PHANEROZOIC
means “visible life”. Paleozoic era is divided into six perio
Cambrian
Ordovician
Silurian
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
PALEOZOIC ERA
Cambrian Period 542-488 Million years ago)
Paleozoic marked the
beginning of life as shown
by the sudden abundance
of complex organisms
Almost all marine organisms
came into existence.
“Cambrian A most important event is
explosion”
Life was restricted to the the development of
sea, and included organisms having the ability
graptolites, brachiopods to secret calcium carbonate
PALEOZOIC ERA
Ordovician Period 488-444 Million years ago
Flourishing of trilobites
Flourishing of algae
This period marks the
earliest appearance of
vertebrates– the jawless
fish known agnatha,
PALEOZOIC ERA
Silurian Period 444-416 Million years ago
Trigonotarbida
Eurypterida
Romundina
Cooksonia
PALEOZOIC ERA
Period 416-350 Million years ago
earance of amphibians;
rishing of fishes “Age of fishes”
earance of cone-bearing plants
Lycophytes, horsetails
and ferns grew large
sizes and formed the
first forest
Tiktaali *Archaeopteris could
k grow up to 98 ft tall.
PALEOZOIC ERA
Carboniferous period 350-299 million years ago
Appearance of tropical
forest, ferns;
Evolution of reptiles and
flourishing of amphibians
PALEOZOIC ERA
Permian Period 299-251 Million years ago
Flourishing of seed
plants
Extinction of trilobites
Sauropsids
Spread of insects and
reptile
Synapsids
MESOZOIC ERA
es”
a forms and later breaks into Laurasia
ondwana
al mass extinctions
and mammals emerge
rance of annelids, insects and reptiles
made up of three periods:
assic
rassic
eataceous
MESOZOIC ERA
Triassic Period 251-280 Million year ago
Development of reptiles, turtles, and crocodile
Appearance of dinosaurs
Archosaurus evolved into true dinosaurs
A group of reptiles the
order Ichthyosauria,
Coelophysis
returned to the ocean.
MESOZOIC ERA
Jurassic Period 280-145 Million yea
By late Triassic, third
Flourishing of large dinosaurs
group of Archosaurs had
Appearance of mammals and birds
branched into the first
Pterosaurs
Adelobasileus
Archeopteryx
Larges marine carnivores were the Plesiosaurus
Gymnosperms were Abundance of turtles in
diverse all over the lakes and rivers across the
supercontinent world
Ichthyosaurs were at the peak of their
MESOZOIC ERA
Cretaceous Period
(146-65 Million years
pearance of Gymnosperms
ago
crease in mammals
tinction of dinosaurs
CENOZOIC ERA
It is made up of two periods:
“Age of mammals” Tertiary
made up of 5 epochs
Rise and evolution of
1. Pliocene
the human species in
2. Miocene
the recent phases of
3. Oligocene
the eon
4. Paleocene
Expansion of familiar
Quarternary
forms of plants, animals
made up of 2 epochs
and fungi
1. Holocene
2. Pleistocene