Laboratory

Instrument
s
in
Prosthodontic
s
 Instrument
A tool or implement,
especially one used for
delicate work or for artistic or
scientific purposes.

GPT-9

2
 CLASSIFICATION
 Basic essential instruments
 Instruments for complete denture
 Instruments for rpd
 Casting instruments
 CAD CAM
 3D printers

3
4
 Heat sources
BUNSEN BURNER
•Yellow Flame. is also known as a safety ALCOHOL TORCH
flame because it is easy to see in a bright Produces a needle-point flame with
room. gentle pressure on the weighted plastic
•Blue Flame. This particular flame on a bottle.
burner can get as hot as 500 degrees. Dental alcohol torches and lamps use
•Roaring Blue Flame. The hottest denatured alcohol.
setting for Bunsen burner flames is the
roaring blue flame.

Scheller CA, basic guide to dental instruments , 2nd edi 5

 Wax Spatula
Curved
Straight Mixing
Mixing
Wax spatula is an
Spatula
Spatula
instrument used for carving
Curved mixing
Straight mixing spatula
spatulatheis
is
the
used molten
for wax
mixing during
alginate.
used for
wax-up mixing dental
procedures.
The
plasterblade of the
and dental metallic
stone.
Wax spatula
spatula is ofhas
curved two ends,
with a
The blade
one end has athe metallic
broad scoop
spatularounded
is [Link] a
straight
toThe
takecurved
moltenhelpswax in
andthethe
other rounded
end has end.
a pointed end
mixing
The of the alginate
handle ispurposes.
made of
for carving
material.
plastic.

Scheller CA, basic guide to dental instruments , 2nd edi 6

 Straight Mixing Curved Mixing Wax Spatula
Spatula Wax spatula is an
Spatula instrument used for carving
Straight mixing spatula is Curved mixing spatula is
used for mixing alginate. the molten wax during the
used for mixing dental wax-up procedures.
plaster and dental stone. The blade of the metallic
spatula is curved with a Wax spatula has two ends,
The blade of the metallic one end has a broad scoop
spatula is straight with a rounded end.
The curved helps in the to take molten wax and the
rounded end. other end has a pointed end
The handle is made of mixing of the alginate
material. for carving purposes.
plastic.

Scheller CA, basic guide to dental instruments , 2nd edi 7

 Mixing bowl -Rubber bowl
A rubber bowl is used to manipulate plaster, stone, and alginate.
It is available in different sizes.
It is made of stiff and flexible rubber.

Scheller CA, basic guide to dental instruments , 2nd edi 8

Prosthodontic knife

Scheller CA, basic guide to dental instruments , 2nd 9

 Prosthodontic knife

Plaster knife Wax knife

Plaster knife is used in trimming of plaster It has a knife-like end on one side for
models. cutting wax and the other end has a scoop
The blade of the plaster knife is metallic. used for carrying the molten wax and
The handle is made of plastic. manipulating curved wax surfaces
It can be also used during the manipulation
of other gypsum products

Scheller CA, basic guide to dental instruments , 2nd edi 10

 Hylin carver
Used for fine trimming of wax
Lacron carver
The carver has two ends, one end Wax caliper
is a scoop used for scooping out Stainless steel
wax and the other end has a sharp Has rounded tip
blade end for carving the pattern in Vehe carver
To measure the accuracy of
wax. Double ended wax crown pattern
One end-carving interproximal Calibrated in mm and
Wax carver is also used in finer areas on bridges 1/10mm
Other end carves full cast crowns
manipulation of gypsum products.

Scheller CA, basic guide to dental instruments , 2nd edi 11

 DAPPEN DISH
Dappen dish is used for mixing small
amounts of selfcured acrylic resin.

It is also used for dispensing small

amounts of separating medium like
sodium alginate

Scheller CA, basic guide to dental instruments , 2nd edi 12

 CHIP BLOWER
Chip blower is commonly in wax up
procedures to direct the flame in the
area of the wax that needs to be
softened and polished.

It is a mechanical hand blower

Scheller CA, basic guide to dental instruments , 2nd edi 13

 HOT PLATE
Hot plate is used for uniform
reduction of occlusion rim.

It has a broad metal plate with a

plastic handle.

Scheller CA, basic guide to dental instruments , 2nd edi 14

 PORCELAIN CUP
WITH LID
A porcelain cup is used for mixing heat
cure and self-cure acrylic resin material.

When the polymer and monomer material

is shifted into the porcelain cup, the cup is
closed with the lid to prevent the
evaporation of the monomer.

Scheller CA, basic guide to dental instruments , 2nd edi 15

 Dental flask
Dental flask is used for
investing the waxed denture
in dental plaster for
processing into acrylic
denture.

There are orienting prong in

the base and corresponding
notches in the base which will
help in assembling the base
and the body

Scheller CA, basic guide to dental instruments , 2nd edi 16

 GLASS PLATE MACINTOSH SHEET
A square glass plate is used as a template during This is a rubbery material, which is very rigid
the setting of artificial teeth and is used to keep the surroundings clean
from the work done.

Scheller CA, basic guide to dental instruments , 2nd edi 17

 Laboratory Handpiece

• Operates at speeds as high as 20,000 rpm.

• Uses laboratory burs.
• Greater torque than that of handpieces used intraorally.

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 18
Low-speed Handpiece
Design
• Straight in appearance.
• Standard length and “shorty”.
• Speeds range from 10,000 to 30,000 rotations per minute (rpm).
• Powers the rotary instrument in both a forward and a backward
motion..
Uses
• Trimming and contouring of temporary crowns.
• Trimming and relining of removable partials and dentures.
• Trimming and contouring of orthodontic appliances.

High-speed Handpiece
Design
• One-piece unit with a slight curve.
• Operated by air pressure.
• Operates at speeds as high as 450,000 rpm.
• Maintains a water-coolant system.
• Friction-grip locking system for rotary instruments.
• Fiberoptic lighting.
TYMANN, H SWIFT, E. J RITTER A V &STURDEVANT C M (2013) sturdevant’s art and science of operqative dentistry, St. Louis, Mo, Elsevier/Mosby 19
 ARTICULATOR
It is a mechanical instrument that represents the temporomandibular joints and jaw members, to which
maxillary and mandibular casts may be attached to simulate some or all mandibular movements.

Michigan university classification:

CLASS I- A Class I instrument is a Simple holding instrument that is capable of accepting a single static
relationship. In these articulators, Vertical motion is possible, but only for convenience.
CLASS II- These are instruments that permit horizontal as well as vertical motion but do not orient the
motion to TMJ via a face bow transfer.
CLASS II A: CLASS II B: CLASS II C
Type A, eccentric motion In Class II, Type B an
Eccentric motion permitted is
Eccentric motion permitted
permitted is based on average determined by the patient using
is based on theories of
or arbitrary values. Examples arbitrary motion. Examples engraving methods. Examples
of this type of articulator are of this classification of of these articulatos are
the Gysi simplex articulator, articulators are Monson Howarth articulator, house
Grittman. maxillomandibular articulator.
articulators 20
Charles M Heartwell- the syllabus of complete denture, fourth edition, Sheldon winkler- the essential of complete denture prosthodontics, second edition
 CLASS III-These are instruments that simulate condylar pathways using average or mechanical equivalents for all
or part of the motion. These instruments allows joint orientation of the cats via face bow transfer.

Class III, Type A Class III, Type B

are instruments that accept a are instruments that accept static

static protrusive registration and lateral, protrusive registrations and
use equivalents for the rest of use equivalents for the rest of motion.
motion. Examples are Hanau Examples are Trubyte articulator,
model H, Dentatus H Ney, Kinoscope, Hanau 130-21,
Panadent & Stansberry tripod,
Bergstrom,
dentatus L
Class IV are instruments that will accept 3-dimensional dynamic registrations. These articulators allow
for joint orientation of casts via a face bow transfer.
Class IV, Type B
Class IV, Type A
are instruments that have condylar
are the cams representing the
paths that can be angled and customized
condylar paths are formed by
either by selection from a variety of
registrations engraved by the patient.
curvatures or by modification or both.
Examples of these instruments are
Examples of these articulators are Denar
TMJ articulator
D4A, Denar 5A (current & simulator.).
Charles M Heartwell- the syllabus of complete denture, fourth edition, Sheldon winkler- the essential of complete denture prosthodontics, second edition
21
A. Upper member
• It is a triangular frame with the base of the triangle
placed posteriorly.
• The apex of the triangle contains a provision to
accommodate the incisal pin.
• Two condylar elements are seen projecting on either
side of the base of the triangle.
• They articulate with the condylar guidance of the lower
member.
• The maxillary cast is attached to the upper member
during articulation.

B. Lower member
• L-shaped frame with horizontal and vertical arms.
• The horizontal arm is triangular in shape and
corresponds to the upper member.
• The apex of the triangle of the horizontal arm contains
the incisal guide table.
• The vertical arm is rectangular containing the condylar
guidance slot at the upper position

22
Charles M Heartwell- the syllabus of complete denture, fourth edition, Sheldon winkler- the essential of complete denture prosthodontics, second edition
 A. Upper member
D. Incisal pin
• It is a triangular frame with the base of the triangle
• It helps to keep a fixed distance between the upper and
placed posteriorly.
lower members at the anterior end.
• The apex of the triangle contains a provision to
• The vertical rod has a pointed tip, which should rest on
accommodate the incisal pin.
the center of the incisal guide table during articulation.
• Two condylar elements are seen projecting on either
• The tip of the incisal guide pin is the anterior reference
side of the base of the triangle.
point in this articulator.
• They articulate with the condylar guidance of the lower
• The incisal edge of the maxillary incisors at the midpoint
member.
of the occlusal rim should touch the tip of the incisal pin
• The maxillary cast is attached to the upper member
during articulation.
during articulation.

C. Incisal
B. Lowerguide
membertable
• It•isL-shaped
defined as ‘thatwith
frame parthorizontal
of the articulator which
and vertical maintains
arms.
the•incisal guide angle’
The horizontal armGPT.
is triangular in shape and
• The incisal guide
corresponds table
to the givesmember.
upper the incisal guidance of the
articulator.
• The apex of the triangle of the horizontal arm contains
• Itthe
canincisal
be described as a very short cylindrical whose upper
guide table.
surface
• Theisvertical
concave. arm is rectangular containing the condylar
• The verticalslot
guidance rodatshould rest on
the upper the center of the incisal guide
position
table during articulation.
• The incisal guide angle is fixed and non-customizable.
23
Charles M Heartwell- the syllabus of complete denture, fourth edition, Sheldon winkler- the essential of complete denture prosthodontics, second edition
 24
Charles M Heartwell- the syllabus of the complete denture, fourth edition, Sheldon Winkler- the essential of complete denture prosthodontics, second edition
 Plaster dispensor

 Stores bulk plaster or gypsum for easy access

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 25
 Vaccum mixer

 It has a digital electric timer, in built oil less vaccum pumps

 Mixing speed from 100 to 500rpm

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 26
 Model vibrator
 Removes bubbles when pouring gypsum into
impressions to make model
 Use paper or plastic cover to protect unit from spills.

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 27
 Model trimmer
The three main styles of dental model trimmers are wet, dry and combination
trimmers.
10” diameter PSA abrasive disc. Devices that use a highly abrasive diamond disc
rotating at speeds up to 3000 RPM to trim models used in dentistry
Rigid cutting surface giving flat and smooth finish

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 28
 Dental Dewaxing Bath Unit

The latest technique for Dental Dewaxing Bath

Unit is by keeping the flask under hot water at a
prescribed temperature for a specific soaking time.
The energy consumption is minimum.

The digital temperature control system ensures

precision [Link]. is controlled by a hydraulic
thermostat from 5'C above ambient to 100'C with a
sensitivity of +-5’C

Dewaxing consist Mechanical Timer can be set 1/2

hour to 2 hours

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines, 29
 Vaccum machine
 Forms flat plastic sheets into 3D shapes by heating and molding over
model of patients teeth
 Also known as vaccum former
 Ideal for bleaching trays, splints, retainers, mouthguards, etc

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 30
 Hydraulic press

A hydraulic press is useful for the trial and final closure of the flask.
The pressure indicator dial indicates the pressure that is applied.

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 31
 Dental lathe

 Application like buffing, grinding, polishing etc

 RPM 2800

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 32
 Microinjection system

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 33
 Sandblaster

Sandblasting is the process by which particles of an abrasive (usually

aluminum oxide) are projected at high velocity using compressed air in a
continuous stream.
Uses fine sand to shape or clean metal appliances.

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 34
 ELECTROPLATING APPARATUS

COMPONENTS OF AN ELECTROPLATING APPARATUS

A typical electroplating unit consists of
Cathode( The impression to be coated).
Anode is the metal to be deposited, i.e. copper or silver.
Anode holder, cathode holder.

Electrolyte is a solution through which the electric current is passed. Ions

are deposited from anode to cathode, e.g. silver cyanide or copper sulfate.
Ammeter register the current in milliamperes (0–500 mA). The current
passed is 10 mA per tooth area, for 12 hours.

Plating tank is made of glass or hard rubber with a well-fitting cover to

prevent evaporation.
Temperature 77 to 80 °F (room temperature).

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 35
 Electrolytic Polishing
Electrolytic polishing is not true abrasion. Although the material is removed, it is removed through an
electrochemical process rather than an abrasive process. This is the reverse of electroplating.

The alloy to be polished is made of the anode of an electrolytic cell. As the current is passed, some of the
anodes is dissolved leaving a bright surface.

This is an excellent method for polishing the fitting surface of a

cobalt–chromium alloy denture. So little material is removed,
that the fit of the denture is virtually unaltered.

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 36
 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING
In 1982, it was introduced into dentistry by Rubeling to fabricate
precision attachments.

Electrical discharge machining (EDM), sometimes colloquially also

referred to as spark machining, spark eroding, burning, die
sinking, wire burning, or wire erosion.

It is a subtractive manufacturing process whereby a desired shape

is obtained using electrical discharges (sparks).

APPLICATIONS EDM
precise and accurate fabrication of precision attachment
removable partial dentures,
fixed-removable implant prostheses,
titanium-ceramic crowns.

By improving the fit, a passive seating of the restoration on the

implant is obtained thereby minimizing stresses to the bone. 37
Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines
 Light curing unit

The denture base material is adapted to the cast while it is in a plastic state. The denture
base can be polymerized without teeth and used as a baseplate. The teeth are added to the
base with additional material and the anatomy is sculptured while the material is still soft.
It is polymerized in a light chamber (curing unit) with blue light of 400-500 nm from high-
intensity quartz -halogen bulbs. The denture is rotated continuously in the chamber to
provide uniform exposure to the light source

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 38
 Surveyor
“An instrument used in the construction of a removable partial denture to locate and
delineate the contours and relative positions of abutment teeth and associated structures”.

Types of Dental Surveyors

1. Ney surveyor
2. Jelenko surveyor
3. Williams surveyor

Parts Of Dental Surveyor

1. Horizontal arm
2. Vertical arm
3. Surveying arm
4. Surveying table
5. Cast holder
6. Surveying tools
Stewart's clinical removable partial prosthodontics : Phoenix, Rodney D 4 th edition 39
 Surveyor
“An instrument used in the construction of a removable partial denture to locate and
delineate the contours and relative positions of abutment teeth and associated structures”.

1. Surveying platform
• It is a metal plate parallel to the
floor where a cast holder can be
placed
• It forms the base of surveyor
onto which all the other
components are attached and
supported.

Stewart's clinical removable partial prosthodontics : Phoenix, Rodney D 4 th edition 40

 Surveyor
“An instrument used in the construction of a removable partial denture to locate and
delineate the contours and relative positions of abutment teeth and associated structures”.

2. Surveying table
(cast holder)
• The cast can be locked in
any position on the table
with help of a locking
device
• The table is attached to
the base with help of ball
and socket joint facilitate to
tilt the

Stewart's clinical removable partial prosthodontics : Phoenix, Rodney D 4 th edition 41

 Surveyor
“An instrument used in the construction of a removable partial denture to locate and
delineate the contours and relative positions of abutment teeth and associated structures”.

3. Vertical arm
• Arises vertically from the
surveying platform.
• Make a support for horizontal
and surveying arm.

Stewart's clinical removable partial prosthodontics : Phoenix, Rodney D 4 th edition 42

 Surveyor
“An instrument used in the construction of a removable partial denture to locate and
delineate the contours and relative positions of abutment teeth and associated structures”.

4. Horizontal arm
• Extend horizontally from the
top of vertical arm.
• Support the surveying arm as it
is free end

43
 Surveyor
“An instrument used in the construction of a removable partial denture to locate and
delineate the contours and relative positions of abutment teeth and associated structures”.

5. Surveying arm
• It extends vertically from the
free end of the horizontal arm, it
is parallel to the vertical arm
• The lower end of this arm has a
mandrel into which tools used for
surveying can be locked.

Stewart's clinical removable partial prosthodontics : Phoenix, Rodney D 4 th edition

44
6. Surveying tools

Carbon markers
It is used for drawing surveying
lines which determined the height
of the contour of the teeth

Stewart's clinical removable partial prosthodontics : Phoenix, Rodney D 4 th edition 45

6. Surveying tools

Undercut gauges
Undercut gauges are used to
measure the depth and the
location of the undercuts on the
analyzed tooth in three
dimensions.
Stewart states the availability of
undercut gauges in three standard
sizes, namely 0.010 inch, 0.015 inch
and 0.020 inch.
McCracken states the availability of
undercut gauge at 0.010, 0.020 and
0.030.

Stewart's clinical removable partial prosthodontics : Phoenix, Rodney D 4 th edition 46

6. Surveying tools
C. Analyzing rod
• It is solid cylinder metal rod.
• It is a first tool to be used during surveying.
• It is used to determine the parallelism of tooth surface.
• Act as like tangent to the convex surface of object being surveyed.
• It helps to analyze the location of height of contours.

Stewart's clinical removable partial prosthodontics : Phoenix, Rodney D 4 th edition 47

6. Surveying tools

. Wax trimmer (knife)

• Used to directly trim the excess wax while
surveying the wax patterns.
• Eliminate and block out undercut parallel to path
of insertion.

Stewart's clinical removable partial prosthodontics : Phoenix, Rodney D 4 th edition 48

 Agar mixer

 The agar hydrocolloid duplicating machine liquefies the agar using

heat. Rotating blades in the machine further break up the agar.

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 49
 LINGUAL TRIMMER
 Use to trim and remove the excess stone or plaster from the palatal or
lingual area of cast model

50
 Pindex machine
Pinhole drilling units precisely drill small holes for various prosthesis and dental molds in
dental laboratories.
Pinhole drilling units can empower up to 15,000 rpms, this allows for a smooth continuous
motion and exact pinholes even in hardened die stone.

51
 PKT carvers
PKT 1 PKT 2 PKT 3 PKT 4
1)Tip – round, curved, and 1)One end - round, 1)A pointed 1)Carving instrument
tapered curved, and tapered burnisher 2)Designed as an all-
2)To apply wax to form 2)Other end - pointed For refining occlusal purpose carver
cusp ridges on the wax 3) Wax addition anatomy 3)To define, shape and
pattern and fill voids instruments 2)Enhance the smoothen external axial
4) Small increment of supplemental and surfaces
3)used for positioning
wax developmental 4)to contour and remove
functional and non-
5)To eliminate voids grooves excess wax at the cavo
functional cusps
remaining on the 3)To carve the surface margins
4)Useful for large occlusal surface occlusal surface
increments of wax

Gauri m, Ramandeep D, Waxing techniques to develop proper occlusal morphology in different occlusal schemes J Indian Prosthodontic Soc 2011 Dec;11(4);205-9 52
 PKT carvers

PKT 5
1)Wax carvers
2)Used to remove excess
wax in the cusp ridges
3)To refine triangular
ridges and occlusal
grooves

Gauri m, Ramandeep D, Waxing techniques to develop proper occlusal morphology in different occlusal schemes J Indian Prosthodontic Soc 2011 Dec;11(4);205-9 53
 SPRUE FORMER

A sprue former is made of wax, plastic, or metal. The

thickness is in proportion to the wax pattern. The length
of the sprue is adjusted so that the wax pattern is
approximately 1/4” from the other end of the ring

FUNCTIONS OF SPRUE FORMER/SPRUE

1. To form a mount for the wax pattern.
2. To create a channel for the elimination of wax during
burnout.
3. Forms a channel for entry of molten alloy during
casting.
4. Provides a reservoir of molten metal that
compensates for alloy shrinkage during solidification

Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines 54
 CRUCIBLES

The crucible is a heat resistant container in which the alloy is melted prior to casting. Four
types of casting crucibles are available.
These are clay, carbon, quartz and ceramic.
In dentistry, quartz or ceramic crucibles are commonly preferred as some alloys may be
sensitive to carbon contamination. These include palladium-silver and nickel or cobalt based
alloys.

Stephan f Rosentiel, contemporary fixed prosthodontics 3 rd edition , Herbert t schillingburg- fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics 3 rd edition 55
 WAX ELIMINATION (BURNOUT)
The purpose of burnout is
1. To eliminate the wax (pattern) from the mold.
2. To expand the mold (thermal expansion).

If a metallic sprue former is used, it should be removed before burnout.

Burnout is started when the mold is wet.
If burnout has to be delayed the mold is stored in a humidor.
Two-stage burnout and expansion technique
This technique is particularly indicated if the patterns or sprue formers contain plastic. The
ring is placed in a burnout furnace and heated gradually to 400 °C for 20 minutes. Maintain it
for 30 minutes. Over the next 30 minutes, the temperature is raised to 700 °C and maintained
for a further 30 minutes.

Single-stage burnout and expansion (Rapid technique)

This technique is followed only if patterns and sprues are wax. Place molds directly into the
preheated oven at 700–850 °C. Hold for 30–40 minutes and cast.
The casting should be completed as soon as the ring is ready. If casting is delayed the ring
cools and the investment contracts. The crown becomes smaller.
56
Basic dental science: 4th edi; John J Manappali., dental casting and machines
 CASTING MACHINE
Based on the method of casting the machines are
1. Centrifugal force type
2. Air pressure-type

Centrifugal machines may be spring-driven or motor-

driven. The main advantage of centrifugal machines is
the simplicity of design and operation, with the
opportunity to cast both large and small castings on the
same machine.

In the air pressure type of machine, either compressed

air or gases like carbon dioxide or nitrogen can be used
to force the molten metal into the mold.
The vacuum creates a negative pressure within the mold,
which helps to draw the alloy into the mold.

Stephan f Rosentiel, contemporary fixed prosthodontics 3 rd edition , Herbert t schillingburg- fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics 3 rd edition
57
58
 Casting machines can also be grouped based on the heating system employed
1. Torch
2. Induction melted
3. Arc melted.

Torch melting
The fuel used is a combination of Natural or artificial gas and air, or Oxygen and acetylene gas (high fusion alloys).

The flame has four zones

Combustion zone Reducing zone Oxidizing zone

Mixing zone It is a blue zone. It is the Outermost zone in which final
This surrounds the inner
Air and gas are mixed here.
zone. It is green in color. It is a hottest part of the flame. combustion between the gas
No heat is present. This zone is used for the and surrounding air occurs.
zone of partial combustion
It is dark in color. This zone is not used for
and has an oxidizing nature. fusion of the casting alloy
A C fusion.
B
D
reducing flame is preferred as it does not contaminate the alloy and is the hottest part of the flame.
Stephan f Rosentiel, contemporary fixed prosthodontics 3 rd edition , Herbert t schillingburg- fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics 3 rd edition
59
Induction melting
Induction heating is the process of heating an electrically conducting object
(usually a metal) by electromagnetic induction, where eddy currents are
generated within the metal and resistance leads to Joule heating of the metal.

An induction heater consists of an electromagnet, through which a high-

frequency alternating current (AC) is passed. Induction melting is useful for
melting high-fusing alloys like metal-ceramic and base metal alloys.

Arc melting
Arc melting is used to melt industrial alloys like steel.
Direct current is passed between two electrodes—a tungsten electrode and the
alloy.
Arc melting produces very high temperatures and is used to melt high fusion
metals like titanium . Arc melting may be done under vacuum or in an inert
atmosphere like argon

Stephan f Rosentiel, contemporary fixed prosthodontics 3 rd edition , Herbert t schillingburg- fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics 3 rd edition 60
Variable High Speed Alloy Grinder

Used for tasks like sprue separating, or

finishing and polishing chrome alloy
framework

speeds up to 26,000 rpm for hi-speed

grinding and polishing

61
 CAD/CAM systems in dentistry:

Depending on the location of the components of the CAD/CAM systems, in dentistry three different
production concepts are available:

1. Chairside Production/Office-Based Devices

2. Laboratory Production
3. Centralized fabrication in a production center

Joós-Kovács G, Vecsei B, Körmendi S, Gyarmathy VA, Borbély J, Hermann P. Trueness of CAD/CAM digitization with a desktop scanner–an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health. 2019
Dec;19(1):1-4. Philips science of dental materials, Kenneth J. Anusavice, Chiayi Shen, H. Ralph Rawls Elsevier 12th edition, 62
 Laboratory production:

• This variant of production is the equivalent to

the traditional working sequence production • After the CAD-the processed data will be sent to a
between the dentist and the laboratory. special milling device that produces the real
geometry in the dental laboratory.
• The dentist sends the impression to laboratory
where a master cast is fabricated first. • Finally the exact fit of the framework can be
evaluated and, if necessary, corrected on the basis
• The remaining CAD/CAM production steps of the master cast.
are carried out completely in the laboratory.
• A major advantage is that the final restoration
• With the assistance of a scanner, three-
can look exactly like the provisional
dimensional data are produced on the basis of
the master die. These data are processed by
means of dental design software

Miyazaki T, Hotta Y. CAD/CAM systems available for the fabrication of crown and bridge restorations. Australian dental journal. 2011 Jun;56:97-106 Philips
science of dental materials, Kenneth J. Anusavice, Chiayi Shen, H. Ralph Rawls Elsevier 12th edition, . 63
 SINTERING MACHINE
 The manufacture of fixed prostheses by means of the porcelain-fused-to-metal technique
is done by sintering a ceramic powder onto the metal frame work. During this process
the ceramic is condensed due to fusion of the powder, accompanied by a loss of volume of
the whole material

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 CERAMIC FURNACE
 microprocessor-controlled vacuum furnace for all porcelain-
fused-to-metal and metal-free crowns.

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 3D PRINTING
Also known as
 Additive manufacturing

 Rapid prototyping layered manufacturing

 Solid free-form fabrication

Definition
It is the process in which multiple layers of material
are added one by one under computer control to create a 3D object
Types of 3D printing
1. FDM - fused deposition modelling
2. SLA- stereolithography
3. TIJ - thermal inkjet printing
4. SLS – selective laser sintering
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CONCLUSION

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THANKYOU!!!

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