CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunction is a word or set of words that connects two
words, phrases or clauses in a sentence.
EXAMPLES:
• I like apples. I like mangoes. • She studies in the library.
• I like apples and mangoes. • She studies in a café.
• She studies in the library or in a
café.
• She like cats. Her family doesn’t
like cats.
• She likes cats but her family doesn’t
like cats
Conjunctions also comes at the beginning of a sentence.
Because I woke up late today, I went to office without
eating breakfast.
TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS
COORDINATIN SUBORDINATIN CORRELATIVE
G G CONJUNCTION
CONJUNCTION CONJUNCTION
The conjunction that The conjunction that Correlative conjunctions
connects two words/ two
joins a clause to another are pair of joining
independent phrases or
clauses is known as on which it depends for words that we
coordinating conjunction. its full meaning is frequently use to
The two connected called subordinating connect two ideas
phrases or clauses are of
equal importance. conjunction. together in a sentence.
PUNCTUATION RULES
• Rule 1:
• For using two words/phrases (no comma)
• Yusra and Misbah are friends.
• My book is on the shelf or in the cupboard.
• For discussing more than two things we use comma
• He ordered pizza, burger, fires, and cold drink for his
friend.
RULE TWO
• Independent clause + (,) + coordinating conjunction + independent
clause.
• We can go to the library, or we can study at home.
• She studied hard, but she could not get first position.
• I baked cake for my mom, and she liked it.
• Ali is not in the room or on the floor.
TYPES OF COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
• Cumulative which merely adds one statement to another:
Aisha cooked the food and Ali washed the dishes
• Adversative which express opposition on contrast between two statements:
The rope was thin, but it was strong.
• Disjunctive or alternative which express a choice between two alternatives:
You can have coffee or tea.
• Illative which express an inference:
Something certainly fell in for I heard a splash.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Time concessio comparison condition Reason place
n
after although whether if as where
as soon as though whereas provided that in order that wherever
as long as even though as much as in case since
before rather than unless because
since than assuming that so that
whe
n
whil
e
PUNCTUATION RULES FOR SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION
• Rule 1:
• Subordinating conjunction + Dependent clause + (,) + Independent
clause If you don’t want to go to the market, you can study at home.
Rule 2:
Independent clause + subordinating conjunction + Dependent
clause You can study at home if you don’t want to go to the
market.
Time Examples
after I went to office after I finished the house work.
as soon as As soon as the alarm goes off, I hit the snooze button.
as long as I don’t care what you do as long as you don’t disturb me.
before Brush your teeth before you go to bed.
Till/until Just wait here until I come back.
since Its so long since I saw them.
when She was in a bad accident when she was young.
whenever Whenever I hear that song, I think of her.
Concession Examples
although Although I was feeling sleepy, I went out with my friends.
though Though it was raining, he went out.
even though She purchased a small house even though she had a big house.
Although Is more formal than though.
Even though puts a strong emphasis on contrast between the two clauses it connects,
as compare to though and although.
Comparison Examples
whether You must decide whether you will go by car or by bus.
whereas Umer is tall whereas his brother is short.
as much as He can eat as much as you.
than She is stronger than her brother.
rather than I would love to have coffee rather than tea.
Condition Examples
if If he doesn’t change his attitude, he’ll lose his job.
provided that You can go out to play provided that you finish your homework.
in case I’ll take cash in case we need it on the journey.
only if You can be successful only if you study hard.
unless Unless you ask her, you’ll never know
assuming that I hope to go to college next year assuming that I pass my exam.
Reason Examples
as As he was poor, I helped him.
in order that Do exercise in order that your health may improve.
since Since we have got a few minutes to wait for train, let’s have a cup of coffee.
because I love my friend’s art work because she uses colors brilliantly.
so that He earns so that we may live happily.
Place Examples
Where He has hidden the treasure where no one will find it.
wherever She was followed by press photographers wherever she went.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
• Correlative conjunctions are pair of joining words that we frequently use
to connect two ideas together in a sentence.
correlative Examples
both…. and Both Urdu and English are spoken in Pakistan.
whether… or He is confused whether he should stay in Pakistan or move to Canada.
either ….. or Either Ali or Usman found the treasure.
neither …. nor I like neither ice-cream nor cake.
not only…. but also He won not only the trophy but also the cash.
• Misconception about preposition and
conjunction.
Preposition Conjunction
Describes the position, time or direction It only does the work of connection
of something. It is always followed by words, phrases and clauses.
a noun/pronoun or a phrase that acts as
its object.
Example:
Example: After they finished the meeting, they
She went after me. returned home.
CONJUNCTIVE
ADVERBS
• They are mostly used to join two independent clauses.
• However, therefore, as a result, otherwise, moreover, finally etc.
• Independent clause + (;) + conjunctive adverb + (,) + independent clause
• Independent clause + (.) + conjunctive adverb + (,) + independent clause
• Swimming is an essential skill in life; therefore, all children should have swimming
lessons in school.
• Swimming is an essential skill in life. Therefore, all children should have
swimming classes in school.
TAS
K
• I can speak English Spanish and Turkish.
• I’ll be out of town on Tuesday and Wednesday.
• We didn’t know it was going to rain so we didn’t bring our umbrella.
• When you see Ali can you tell him to come and see me.
• I can’t log in because I don’t remember my password.
• Aisha wants her son to be a doctor however the boy is determined to be a world-
famous musician.
• The success of our business ultimately depends on our customers therefore we
must
always treat them with respect.
• I can speak English, Spanish, and Turkish.
• I’ll be out of town on Tuesday and Wednesday.
• We didn’t know it was going to rain, so we didn’t bring our umbrella.
• When you see Ali, can you tell him to come and see me.
• I can’t log in because I don’t remember my password.
• Aisha wants her son to be a doctor; however, the boy is determined to be a world-
famous musician.
• The success of our business ultimately depends on our customers. Therefore, we
must always treat them with respect.
INTERJECTION
• An interjection is a word or phrase which expresses some sudden feelings or
emotions.
• It is generally punctuated with an exclamation mark (!).
• It is grammatically independent from the words around it, and mainly
expresses feeling rather than meaning.
• These words or phrases can stand alone.
Surprise Grief/ Praise Joy Mistake Disgust Greeting Attention
pain
Wow! Alas! Bravo! Wow! Oh! Yuck! Hi! Shh!
What! Oh! Brilliant! Great! Oops! Ugh! Hello! Look!
Amazing! Ouch! Well Hurray! Shit! Eek! Hey! Listen!
done!