EDUCATIONAL

RESOURCES
STRANDS
1. LEARNING RESOURCES
2. ACQUISATION OF LEARNING RESOURCES
3. MANAGEMENT OF LEARNING RESOURCES

REFERENCES

4. MASTERING PTE EDUCATION

5. INTERNET
 LEARNING RESOURCES

 Learningresources are things that make

teaching and learning easier and more
meaningful
 Aretools used in teaching and learning or
those that support the teacher/facillitator in
the delivery of knowledge or help to
emphasize specific knowledge
Teaching and learning resources
 text books.
 novels.
 films.
 plays.
 radio programs.
 multimedia.
 digital learning resources including video, audio, text, animations and images.
 Realia
 Local environment
Assignment
Learning Resources

 In groups brainstorm on the importance of Learning

Resources.
 Each group to present at least three.
IMPORTANCE/PURPOSE OF TEACHING AND
LEARNING RESOURCES

 Enhance retention which makes learning more permanent

 Stimulate and sustain interest in learning
 Provide first-hand experiences with the realities of the physical and
social environment
 Help to overcome the limitations of the classroom and make what
may be inaccessible in class available, for example through films,
videos, slides and photographs.
IMPORTANCE/PURPOSE OF TEACHING AND
LEARNING RESOURCES
 Encourage active participation by learners especially resources
that can be handled and manipulated by the learners
 Make it easier for teacher to explain concepts hence saving time
as it is brief and precise
 Discourage rote learning and make abstract ideas more concrete.
 Make learning resource-based
 Helps the learner to develop the power of imagination,
observation, reasoning and creativity.
 Promotes the development of skills such as cooperation and
sharing.
Assignment

 In groups discuss the quality of good learning

resources
 Visit the nearest library or any other Learning
Resource Centre and identify the available learning
resources. Take photos to be used during class
presentation using PowerPoint software.
QUALITIES OF A GOOD TEACHING AND
LEARNING RESOURCES
1. Should be suitable for the level of the learners
2. Should capture and maintain learners interest throughout the lesson
3. Should be pleasant and acceptable to use. For example , they should
not have offensive smell or look scary.
4. Should canter for learner’s individual differences
5. Should be relevant and contain up-to-date information
6. Should be large enough for visiblity
7. Should be clear and audible
8. Should be neat and tidy
9. Should be safe for use
QUALITIES OF A GOOD TEACHING AND
LEARNING RESOURCES
10. Should be accurately made, that is they should
be a true representation of the information.
11. should not contain offensive information
12. Should be durable and cost-effective
13. Should be easy to use and manipulate
14. Should appeal to as many senses as possible
Assignment

In all learning areas in Primary School (CBC),

identify a strand, sub-strand and specific
lesson where teachers find it challenging to
come up with a relevant learning resource.

In the above identified lessons, brainstorm on

relevant solutions and present your findings in
class using powerpoint.
THREE DIMENSIONAL
LEARNING
RESOURCES
What is a 3-D learning resource?

3D stands for three-dimensional. Everything we see in

the world around us is 3D or exists in three
dimensions.
These dimensions are: 1) height, 2) width and
3) depth (length).
Importance of 3D L.R.
 Apply Concept. Applying the idea that the students learned in
school to a real situation is the best outcome their learning
could achieve.
 Increase Motivation.
 Easiest to Learn.
 Promotes Critical and Creative Thinking.
 Fun Learning.
Use digital devices to search the different types of
3D Learning resources.
What is the importance of using each in class?

 Realia
 Specimen
 Models
 Diorama
 Mobile phones
 Others e.g. mobiles
 REALIA
This are real things like;
 Live animals - insects, crustacean, arachnids,
earthworms, millipedes, etc.
 Live plants - grass, weeds, shrubs, trees, etc.
 Soil - clay soil, sandy soil, loam soil, etc.
 Farm tools - hoes, pangas, rakes, forks, etc.
 House hold things - plates, knives, forks, sufurias, etc.
 Science equipment and materials - basins, glass, candles,
etc.
Advantages of using realia
 The real things are motivating.
 They provide the learner with the sort of direct
experience that cannot be obtained through
other media of learning no matter how well
contrived (designed).
 Theyallow children to apply various senses and
thus make learning effective.
 Theyare available in large quantities and are
cheaply obtained.
Limitations of using real things
 Somelive animals easily scare away the pupils and
may cause a problem of class control, e.g.
amphibians and reptiles.
 Some real things are too big to bring into the
classroom, e.g. large mammals, trees, rivers, etc.
 Some real things are alive and they should be
handled with care or be allowed to remain in their
natural habitat without disturbances.
 Some of the real things are too small to be seen with
the naked eyes, e.g . bacteria.
 Some of the real things are dangerous or harmful to
handle, e.g. snakes, spiders, etc.
 Specimens

A specimen is a thing or part of a thing taken as a

representative of its group or class, e.g. a collection of
grasshoppers, locusts, earthworms, millipedes, etc.
preserved in separate specimen bottles for use when
need arises. Collections of preserved plants, soil
samples of clay, sand, loam, etc
Examples of specimen
Advantages of using specimen?
 Specimen allow children to observe and study objects that
they would not see at close range in normal circumstances.
 Use of specimen makes the learning situation come close to
the real thing and this makes learning effective.
 Specimen are not alive and can be stored where there is
available space.
 Specimen are portable and can be preserved, thus can be
collected from distances and be made available.
 They can be used for a long period of time if well preserved.
Limitations of using specimen
 Most of the preserved animal specimen are not alive
and active as the real animals. Therefore, certain
characteristics of the animals, e.g. movement of
fish, etc., cannot be observed.
 Ifpoorly handled the preserved animals are easily
damaged.
 The preservatives used may produce offensive smell
or be harmful to the
pupils
Model

A model is a recognisable three dimensional

representation of a real thing. The object represented
may be larger or smaller.
A model may be complete in every detail or
considerably more simplified than the real object, e.g.
a globe, an eye model, ear model, etc. Some are
commercial while others are locally made. A model
can be de- assembled and re-assembled.
Examples of models
Advantages of using a model?
A model:
 is a three dimensional object" and thus gives the feeling of depth
and substance like the real thing.
 gives the feeling of the presence of the real thing.
 can be handled.
 can be used to reduce very large objects and to enlarge small
ones to a size that can be conveniently handled and observed.
 can be used to demonstrate the interior structure of objects with
fine details, without resorting to the damage of the real thing.
 can be used to represent a very highly complex situation or
process.
Limitations of Models

A model may give the wrong impression of

the real thing if it is too small or too big
compared to the real thing. A model may also
be over-simplified and this would
misrepresent the real situation.
 When is it appropriate to use a
Itmodel?
is appropriate to use a model when:
 The material or object is too large to bring into a classroom, e.g.
the earth, a farm, etc. in which case a globe and a farm model
become necessary to use respectively .
 Explaining a process that appears complicated to the pupils, e.g.
the teacher uses a globe to teach rotation of the earth and
revolution around the orbit.
 Discussing situations that are unfamiliar and far away from the
pupils, e.g.
operations of a seaport, airport, etc. whereby a model of a seaport,
etc. should be constructed.
 The teacher wants the pupils to develop the skill of modelling in
art, etc.
 The object of discussion is too small to be seen or handled, e.g.
 Diorama
A diorama is a three dimensional scene incorporating
objects, figures and background in perspective. They
are still display systems that combine a three
dimensional
foreground of models, buildings and figures, etc., with
a two dimensional painted background thus creating a
highly realistic effect, e.g. (There are several of them
used in museums.)
Examples of Diorama
 Advantages of using dioramas
Dioramas:
 can be used in a wide range of subjects.
 arouse pupils' interest and thus makes them focus
their attention on the topic.
 bridge the time gap in history and make the situation
real.
 aid pupil's imagination and memory.
 theirproduction can help develop pupil's creativity
and imagination.
 Mobiles

A mobile is a wall-chart in which the individual

components can move about so that what would
have been seen as a still picture "comes alive"; the
objects become mobile and give the impression of a
three-dimensional object e.g.: groups of food,
classification of animals, etc.
Discuss and present merits and
demerits of 3D L.R.
Merits
 Less abstract and more concrete.
 Attracts learners attention
 Learners become more familiar with the real
objects.
 Enhances collaboration
 Allows independent study.
Demerits
 Takes time to come up a quality 3d LR
 Cost of acquiring some items may be high
 Some materials are aren’t readily available.
 Storage- Some 3D L.R may require specific storage
conditions.
 Prone to damage.
Audio-Visual Learning Resources

 Use
digital devices to search the
meaning of Audio- Visual L.R.
Audio-visual [Link]. are instructional
materials that appeal to the sense of sight
and hearing. They are effective when
teaching large numbers of learners. They
include educational films, televisions,
computers etc.
What is the importance of Audio
Visual [Link].?
Importance of Audio –Visual [Link].
 Learners will grow intellectually in their oral and written
communication and critical thinking skills.
 Learners will become aware of the ethical and spiritual
implications of communication on a diverse and global
level.
 Learners will be knowledgeable of the latest in
technology, software applications, and visual
communication skills with the ability to demonstrate the
skills in using technology.
In groups discuss the merits and
demerits of Audio Visual [Link].
Merits of Audio –Visual [Link].
 Best motivation.
 Clear image.
 Save energy and time.
 Antidote of the disease of verbal
instructions.
 Capture attention.
 reinforcement to learner.
 Positive transfer of learning.
 Gain & hold student interest.
 Increase understanding and retention.
 Stimulate the development of understanding
Demerits of Audio Visual [Link].

 Its easier to lose focus

 Requires a well designed presentation or
material
 Learners might pay more attention to the
graphics than the audio
How can one use the following
examples of Audio visual [Link]. in
class?
 LCD projector
Film projector
TV
Computer
VCD/DVD player
Virtual Classroom
Multimedia etc.
Television

A television (TV) is an electronic system of transmitting

still and moving images with accompanying sound
through wires or space. It employs a system that
converts light and
sound into electrical waves and then re-converts them
into visible rays and audible sounds.

 There are two types of T.V systems: open
circuit TV which employs transmissions
through the air, e.g. KBC television, and a
closed circuit TV whose programmes originate
from a given source to reach the TV receivers
through cables, e.g. TV systems used in
colleges for micro-teaching.
What are the advantages of using
TVs as teaching resources?
 Television transmission makes it possible for the talents of expert
teachers to be put at the disposal of all schools within the range of
transmission.
 The combination of sound and picture is close to the real
experience. Pupils are able to see the teacher unlike the case with a
radio broadcast.
 Television can combine use of other media such as pictures, charts,
films, etc. and these keep the learner motivated and also enrich
learning.
 A television can combine the use of an electron microscope and
enable the learner to observe an organism through the eye of the
microscope viewer.

What are the limitations of using
television broadcasts in teaching?
 The lesson's broadcast time is inflexible and sometimes
inconvenient.
 Interruptionsand distractions at the receiving end can
seriously impair reception and effectiveness of the
lesson transmission.
 Pupil participation is minimal.
 It does not allow pupils to ask questions.
 The TV teacher does not receive feedback from the
learners, and hence cannot determine whether the
programme is achieving the objectives of the lesson or
How would a teacher prepare
his/her class for a TV broadcast
lesson?
The teacher would be required to:
 Study the special vocabulary to be used in the programme and
explain it to the pupils.
 Spend reasonable time in preparing discussion and readiness
resources such as diagrams, etc.
 Define to the pupils the central purpose of what is to happen in
the lesson.
 Assume effective viewing conditions, e.g. ensure that there is no
glare and that the sound is clear.
 Have elementary knowledge on control of the TV receiver so that
he/she can adjust the set when need arises.

Educational films
What are the advantages of using a
film in teaching?
 A film has movement and can be used to show a process, e.g.
germination of
a seed, fertilisation, cell division, etc. with speed and effect, etc.
 It can produce an impression that the viewer is watching something
real because it is three-dimensional in its impact.
 It is not limited to. time and space but can take the viewer into the
past or future
in a moment.
 It can take the viewer into space or plunge him/her into the ocean
depths with equal ease.
 It can concentrate attention by zooming in on a subject.
 It can help viewers to analyse movement by slow motion shots of fast
actions or speed shots of slow processes such as the bursting of buds
What would a teacher look for
when selecting a good film?
A teacher, in selecting a good educational film, should
look for:
 Adequacy and appropriateness of the film for the age of
learners it is meant for.
 Treatmentof the information - whether it is interesting,
enjoyable and easy to understand.
 Effectiveness of the teaching in the film.
 Clear
sound track and good commentary by the
presenter.
How would a teacher prepare
his/her pupils for film viewing?
 The teacher should:
 View the film earlier to decide whether its content is related to
the teaching and learning objectives.
 Introduce the film to the pupils and let them know what they are
going to view and the questions they should try to answer as
they watch the film.
 Give the film a first showing to the class.
 Discuss the film with a view of obtaining from the class its
message and
identifying any important points missed in the first viewing.
 Show the film a second time.
What problems is a teacher likely to
encounter in using a film?
 The teacher may face the problems of operating the film
projector which
 requires specialised skills.
 The projector might break down when the show is on.
 The film strip may be defective an~ thus omit some
important information.
 Power failure may occur in the process of viewing or just
before the lesson
begins.
Why are educational films rarely
used in primary schools?
 Most schools have no electric power which is required
to run the projector.
 Most
schools have no film projector and which is
expensive to buy and maintain.
 Manyteachers do not have the skills required to
operate film projectors.
 Films are difficult to obtain.
Use MS Word to develop a mind map
illustrating the uses of audio visual
learning resources.
Extended activity

visitOur Learning resources i.e.

Library and computer lab and
identify the different Audio visual
Learning resources found there.
Audio – Aural Learning Resources

 What is an Audio – Aural learning resource?

 Why use Audio – Aural in class?
 Whatare the merits and demerits of using
Audio- Aural resources in learning Process?
Audio and Aural [Link]
 Audio means: sound, especially when recorded,
transmitted, or reproduced.
 Aural means: relating to the ear or the sense of
hearing.

 Audio-Aural instructional materials appeal to

the sense of hearing. They are effective
when teaching large numbers of learners.
Importance of Audio and Aural L.R.

 supplement what the teacher has taught.

 usesimple and clear language with a moderate rate
of speech delivery.
 interesting with a variety of voices, sounds and
activities for pupil participation.
 Accord opportunities for repetition of the vital points
in various ways
Advantages of Audio and Aural [Link].
 Are usually of high quality because of the preparation that
is put into them by the experts.
 Provide current research findings and up to date
information.
 Are planned to engage the active participation of teachers
and pupils.
 Varies teaching methods which teachers can also learn.
 If properly used, motivate children to learn.
 Provide uniformity in teaching.
 Help to develop listening skills and imagination.
 Make information available which would otherwise not be
available
Disadvantages of Audio and Aural
[Link].
 It does not cater for individual differences.
 It calls for use of one sense - that of hearing.
 It calls for concentrated attention.
 Thelanguage used may be too advanced for
some pupils.
• Search for the different types of Audio
and Aural [Link].

Indicate how they are used in learning

process.

What are the merits and demerits of

using each in learning?
Types of Audio and Oral [Link].
 Radio
 Tape-recorder
 Gramophone
 Linguaphone
 Audio cassette player
 Language laboratory
EXAMPLES OF Gramophone
A gramophone is an old type of record player. ... A
gramophone plays records: discs with grooves that are amplified
by a needle.
Linguaphone

A language-teaching system based on the use of sound recordings

Audio cassette player
Language laboratory
A language laboratory is a dedicated space for foreign
language learning where students access audio or
audio-visual materials. They allow a teacher to listen to and
manage student audio, which is delivered to individual students
through headsets or in isolated 'sound booths.
Graphics

 What are graphics learning resources?

 Graphics
 According to Achuonye (2004), graphic materials
are arts by which we express ideas in lines,
pictures, sketches, and diagrams; it includes
materials which inculcate facts and ideas clearly and
succinctly through a combination of drawing, words
and pictures.
Importance of graphics
 Certainlythe primary aim of developing posters,
charts and graphs is effective
communication through presentation of clear
visual summaries of important processes or set of
relationship through the combination of pictorial
graphic, lettering, numerical, or verbal material.
Individually develop infographics to illustrate
the importance of graphics in learning process.
Search for examples of Graphics
used in learning process
Charts

A chart is a useful way to present

and display information or
instructions, especially in a
classroom or other educational
situation. It can range from a large wall
chart to a single piece of paper.
 Quality Charts

 Ensure that the lettering is clear, uniform, proportional

and bold for legibility.
 Ensure that the first draft is in pencil.
 Use only as many colours as is necessary. For brilliance
and emphacis, use a dark colour against a light colour,
e.g. black against white, red against light green, etc. or a
warm colour against a cool colour (see chart below).
 Bind the edges of the chart if it is intended for future use
by using linen, stronger paper, sisal stalks, etc.
 Store the charts away from dust and pests.
What are the common errors found
in charts used by student teachers?
 The charts that are made and used by student teachers are
often not to scale particularly so, for the maps.
 The lettering is usually poor and in most cases uneven and
with spelling mistakes.
 The colours are used indiscriminately.
 The charts are never referred to in future lessons. They
remain on the walls as decorations long after their use and
interest to the learners has gone.
 They are either too detailed or too simple to be effective.
Posters

A poster is a visual combination of bold design,

colour and the message intended to catch and hold
attention of a passer-by long enough to reinforce
an important message in his/her mind.
What should a teacher bear in mind
when producing a self-made poster?
 The poster should be dramatic with only prominent central
features standing out prominently so as to attract
attention.
 The message should be simple so that it is capable of
being taken in at a glance.
 It should be visually attractive even though its subject
matter may be anything but pleasant.
What can posters be used for?

 To capture the interest of the learners at the beginning of a

lesson.
 To warn the pupils of an impending danger of diseases; e.g. in
subjects like Science, the topics on diseases such as malaria,
polio, kwashiorkor, AIDS, COVID 2019 etc.
 In topics dealing with dangers of fire, road safety, etc.
Cartoons

 A cartoon is a pictorial representation of a person, an idea or

a situation, designed to influence public opinion. Cartoons
often deal with current affairs that are highly emotionally
charged, e.g. cartoons found in daily newspapers.
What can cartoons be used for in a
learning process?
 In training for an analytical mind.
 In developing creativity among the learners.
 To interpret a political situation and study current
affairs.
What are the problems associated
with the use of cartoons?
 Cartoons usually oversimplify events.
 They have an element of bias.
 They are difficult to interpret.
 They are subject to misinterpretation.
Pictures

 A visual representation of something, especially in

the form of a painting, drawing, photograph, or the
like.
What should a teacher consider
when selecting pictures for use in
teaching?
 That bear relevance to the topic to be covered.
 That are appropriate for the age of pupils to be taught
 That are bold, clear and accurate.
 Whose message is straightforward.
 That are big enough to be seen by the whole class or group
What are the advantages of using
flat pictures?
 They are readily available in calendars, newspapers, old
magazines, etc.
 They are easy to use in groups.
 They stir pupils' emotions and arouse their curiosity
 They motivate the learners.
 They are easy to store.
What are the limitations of using flat
pictures?
 They are often small in size and can only be used in groups or
be mounted on a manila paper for display on the wall.
 They lack in-depth for accurate perception.
 They are limited in communicating ideas that require motion.
Graphs
 Graphs are a visual representations of data
involving numbers and showing relationships
between sets of numerical data in a summarized
form. Examples include bar graphs, line graphs,
pie-charts or circle graphs, and pictorial graphs
which use pictures to represent values.
Diagrams
 A diagram is a sketchy visual representation of
interrelationships of facts and ideas, general patterns, or
essential features of a process, an object or an area.
Maps and globes
 Maps and globes are significant materials in the teaching of
Social Studies, History, Geography, Mathematics and Science.
 A globe is a spherical representation of the earth's surface.
Globes are more accurate
than maps because they represent the true shape of the
earth. They show the true
relationship between the land and the sea. A maps is a visual
scaled-down representation
of a flat surface or some portion of the earth on paper.
 Learners should first understand the symbols used before they
can read, use or
interpret maps and globes.
Types of maps
 Physical and political maps - These show political boundarie
such as countries and districts, as well as outlines of
features such as mountains, deserts, rivers and water
bodies.
 Relief maps - These indicate the inequalities in elevation of
the earth's surface by use of colour.
 Pictorial maps - These use pictures, drawings and other
symbols to indicate the distribution of population, crops,
minerals and ethnic groups.
 Outline maps - These give the outlines that should be
developed by learners as they go through the lesson.
Advantages of using graphs,
diagrams and maps.
 When used in textbooks, they break the monotony of print.
 They help the learners to develop the skills of analysis and
interpretation.
 They make it possible to present large data in a
summarized form.
Disadvantages of using graphs,
diagrams and maps.
* One may need to have a mathematical background in order to
interpret them correctly.

* If wrongly drawn, they can convey wrong information.

Types of Graphics
Graphic Type Role Examples
Describes or portrays
content to focus on the
Representational
components that students
should learn
Helps students grasp the
Organizational flow or sequence of a
difficult topic

Relies on data to display

Relational trends and other relations
between different variables
Is aesthetic in nature; may
add decoration to add
Decorative
appeal to text-heavy
content
Types of Graphics
Graphic Type Role Examples
Describes or portrays
content to focus on the Biological diagram, building
Representational
components that students blueprint
should learn
Helps students grasp the
Maps, hierarchies,
Organizational flow or sequence of a
flowcharts, animations
difficult topic

Relies on data to display

Bar graphs, pie charts,
Relational trends and other relations
histograms, scatter plots
between different variables
Is aesthetic in nature; may
Images signaling the
add decoration to add
Decorative beginning or end of a lesson
appeal to text-heavy
or section
content
Print Media

 These are publications. They are written materials that one is

sure to encounter and use in the course of teaching and
learning. They
include textbooks.
What is the importance of Print
media in learning?
 Print
media helps to enhance students
interest and broaden their perspectives
towards global activities. Thus using
newspapers and magazines not only teach
English better but give current knowledge of
the world happenings.
Advantages of using print
media
 They save valuable time for the teacher. This is because they
contain a list of activities, review questions and recommended
readings that the teacher can adopt or adjust to suit their needs
and those of the learners.
 They provide the necessary basic knowledge for a particular
topic.
 They provide a common experience for the whole class. It is
expected that all the learners use one title for a specific subject.
 They are readily available, especially textbooks.
 They ensure continuity of learning in case there is a change of
teachers.
 They last long if properly cared for.
 Relative to other aids, they need little maintenance.
 Advantages of using print media
cont..
They are easy to store.
 They can be conveniently used at the learners' pace.
 They can be used by learners of all ages .
 They arouse the learners' interest in particular subjects or
topics.
 Questions, for example in textbooks, enable learners to carry
out self-evaluation.
 They motivate learners to study and, thus, facilitate
preparation for the next topic.
 They convey information quickly.
 Their content is easy to remember as they involve the use of
sight.
 Disadvantages of print media

 Some of them have baseless information or propaganda.

 A number of textbooks may be poorly edited and may convey
wrong or inaccurate information.
 They get outdated easily and new editions are published. This
makes their use expensive.
 No single textbook can exhaustively cover a subject in the
curriculum. It may be necessary to buy more than one book for
each subject area.
 Types of print media.

• Text books
• Workbooks • Reference books

• Fiction books • Non-fiction books

• Periodicals • Pamphlets
• Assignment cards
Flashcards
•
• Packs and
kits
Textbooks
A textbook is a book containing a
comprehensive compilation of content in a
branch of study with the intention of
explaining it.

 Textbooks are designed for use in teaching

the
whole or part of a particular study course.
 Factors to consider when choosing
textbooks
 The price should be affordable.

 The quality of paper used should be good.

 The binding should be durable andfirm.
 The size of the print should be comfortable to read and appropriate
according to the learners' age.
 The nature of illustrative materials such as photographs and
drawings should be accurate, relevant and able to sustain the
interest of the learners.
 The date of publication or revision of the book to ensure the most
current edition is purchased.
 The activities suggested in the book should refer to easily available
resources.
 The content should be organized III a systematic and logical
 Care and maintenance of textbooks
Book users should take care of books by:
 Washing their hands before handling a book.
 Storing and using books in clean and dry places.
 Closing books after use and not leaving them open and face
down as this causes them to fall apart along the spine.
 Turning pages by holding the corner of the page and not the
middle of the page.
 U sing bookmarks instead of folding a leaf of the book to mark a
page.
Display Boards
What is a display board?
Why use a display board in learning process

 What is a display board?

 Why use a display board in learning process?
 Discussthe merits and demerits of display
boards and present.
 Lookfor different types of the display boards
and how they are used.
Meaning of Display Boards.

 Thedisplay board is a melting pot of

knowledge on different subjects, news,
events, schedules, activities, etc – it's where
people go to first to get any information about
what is happening or what's going to happen in
the school or institute. The advantages of using
classroom display boards are many
Importance of display boards

 Classroom display boards are a great way to get your

students engaged, excited and working together.
 Helping to maximize learning and personal skills.
 Not only do they encourage visual learning and interactive
lessons, but they also help children to develop their
personal skills and harness their creativity
Merits and demerits of display boards
Various types of display boards

Boards used as teaching and learning resources

include,
 Chalkboards.
 Flannel boards.
 Bulletin boards. e.t.c.
Chalkboards
A chalkboard is a reusable writing surface on which the
teacher writes and draws using chalk.
 Insome schools and in some instances, the chalkboard
may be the only teaching and learning resource
available. It should, therefore, be used extensively,
variously and effectively. Teachers tend to forget to
make maximum use of the chalkboard, yet without it,
they find it difficult to teach.
The different types of chalkboards include:
 Fixed chalkboards.
 Portable chalkboards.
 Horizontal sliding boards.
 Vertical sliding boards.
 Using the chalkboard
 Write the date, class, subject and topic on the chalkboard at the start of the
lesson. '
 Always keep the chalkboard clean. Wash it periodically with water and soap'
 Erase any written material on the chalkboard after each use as a matter of
courtesy for the next teacher.
 Write horizontally and straight.
 Keep the handwriting neat, legible and uniform.
 Make sure that all the learners can see the chalkboard. The best way to test
for visibility is to view the written material from the back and from both the
left and right sides of the classroom.
 Use underlining, encircling or framing to focus attention on important details.
Coloured chalk can also be used .
 Develop illustrations as you teach .
 However, complicated drawings, diagrams, tables and graphs can be prepared
before the lesson begins to avoid time wastage
 Using the chalkboard cont…
 When the teacher needs to talk while writing, he or she should make
sure he or she talks to the class and not to the chalkboard.
 Use a clean duster to erase or make corrections on the chalkboard.
 Do not ask learners to copy work from the chalkboard while you are still
writing. Some may be frustrated as they may not see the writing
clearly.
 When pointing at or explaining something, always stand at the side and
use a pointer to avoid obstructing the learners' view.
 Avoid too many details on the chalkboard as this may confuse the
learners.
 Organize work systematically on the chalkboard. Divide it into-
convenient working sections depending on the needs of each subject.
 Develop the summary on the chalkboard as the lesson develops.
Uses of C.B.
 To record learners' ideas and suggestions as they develop or the
main points of a lesson during discussions.
 To write questions to be discussed or answered, or mathematical
problems to be worked out by the learners.
 To define technical terms, key words or concepts.
 To develop sketch maps or drawings to emphasize specific points
as the lesson progresses.
 To write a Ie son summary for learners to copy especially where
textbooks are scarce
 To mount charts, and other teaching and learning resources.
 Materials that help the teacher to use the
chalkboard effectively include:
 The metre ruler - is used for drawing lines and taking
measurements.
 A string - It can be used to draw circles in the absence of the
conventional equipment.
 Duster - It is used to clean the chalkboard to allow for more writing.
 Perforated map outlines and templates - These are used to trace out
map outlines and other diagrams.
 A mathematical set - The components are used for illustrating and
demonstrating the construction of mathematical figures on the
chalkboard.
 A chalkboard pointer - It is used to point at and emphasize facts and
figures.
 Templates - Templates are cut-out shapes made from plywood or
 Advantages of using the chalkboard
 It is readily available.
 It is easy to use.
 It is versatile and adaptable to requirements of all subjects.
 It is inexpensive to install and maintain.
 It helps learners to perceive the intended information.
 It may be used to involve learners more actively in learning.
 It can be used alongside other teaching and learning aids such as
models, charts and books.
 Disadvantages of using the
 chalkboard
Illustrations such as maps are often not drawn to scale.
 Information that is written incorrectly on the chalkboard and is
not corrected may be learnt wrongly.
 The teacher has to keep turning his or her head away from the
learners as he or she writes on the chalkboard. This breaks eye
contact and, if overdone, may lead to loss of class control.
 Information cannot be stored for long on the chalkboard.
 Inexperienced teachers may produce disorganized work.
 If too much information is put on the chalkboard, it confuses the
learners.
 Chalk dust can cause allergic reactions or respiratory problems.
Flannel boards
 Flannel boards are display surfaces covered with fabric
such as flannel or felt. The fabric should be plain so as not
to compete with the material displayed on it. Material or
information is prepared and fixed using Velcro or masking
tape
 The flannel board can be used when:
 Telling stories, with the aid of cut-out pictures or drawings.
 Teaching new vocabulary. For example, a picture can be placed on
the board and learners asked to construct a sentence or tell a story
about it.
 Teaching Mathematics where mathematical principles such as
fractions, geometrical figures and other symbols may be introduced
using cut-outs.
 Teaching Geography where learners can construct maps in stages
by placing names of counties and their capital cities, and symbols
of crops, ethnic groups and industries on map outlines.
Bulletin boards
A bulletin board is a display or exhibit medium more
commonly referred to as the noticeboard.
 Uses of the bulletin board include:
 To supplement textbook materials.
 To arouse the learners' interest in a particular subject or topic in
order to motivate them to carry out further research or study on
it.
 To introduce a new topic by displaying materials that will provide
background information on the same.
 To summarize a topic of study by displaying materials that will
help the learners to organize their thoughts and knowledge, and
draw conclusions.
 To display the work of the learners in order to encourage them to
do better.
 To display relevant and current ideas designed to prod the
learners to think, critique and carry out evaluation.
 To serve as a point of reference for developing a lesson or for
White boards
 Whiteboards, or small dry erase boards, allow learners to work
collaboratively in small groups, and present their thinking in a
visual way as part of the learning process.
 Using whiteboards, students working in groups can “report
out” to the entire class. More than one student can contribute
to the group’s whiteboard, so students can easily fix their
errors, revise their thinking, and rewrite their ideas.
 The teacher can walk around the classroom and observe the
development of students’ thinking as they write their
whiteboards.
 This fosters communication between the teacher and
students, and among students.
ICT Resources
 What is Information and Communication Technology(ICT)?
 Discuss and present the importance of ICT in learning process.
 Identify the merits and demerits associated with the use of ICT in
class.
 Search for the different types of ICT tools used in learning process
and establish how they are used.
 Classify the ICT resources in terms of how they are used in
learning. i.e.
o Computing
o Display
o Storage
o Assessment etc.
What is Information and
Communication Technology (ICT)?
 refers in principle to all technologies used in processing
information and communicating in most educational circles. It
means computer technology, multi-media and networking,
especially the Internet.
 ICT covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate,
transmit or receive information electronically in a digital form.
The 'C' part of ICT refer to the communication of data by
electronic means usually over some distance.
 Information can be in form of data, voice conversation (e.g. radio
broadcast schools), still images, motion pictures, multimedia
presentations, etc.
 Importance of ICT resources in
 Learning
Extends the learning experience – raises standards across the
curriculum to improve the delivery of lesson content and allows
students to engage in class in a variety of ways.
 Extends learning – takes learning beyond the four walls of the
classroom for an anytime, anywhere approach. Meaning students
and teachers can continue to work and access resources even from
home.
 Enriches the curriculum – provides access to a whole host of
information and encourages collaborative working and
communication with others. The world is effectively brought into the
classroom and pupils become more engaged in their learning.
 Expands learning horizons – access to fast internet connections
allows for learning materials to be viewed, downloaded and worked
through quickly. As well as this, the use of tools such as Skype for
Business can be a great way of broadening the learning horizon by
 Merits of using ICT in learning
 It increases learner motivation, i.e. it keeps the learners active with
interest for
the whole lesson and thus tends to gain the learners' attention which is
ideal for
instruction and learning.
 Students will access and retrieve a lot of electronic information. It
therefore
encourages collaborative learning as pupils can work in groups.
 It makes learning environment more powerful; learners can visualise
problems
and solutions more easily.
 It increases teacher productivity as a teacher can develop a drawing
and notes with
 What are the dangers of using lCT in learning?
 In the Internet, children can access the wrong things/information,
e.g. pornography, computer viruses and plagiarised material.
 A lot of distractions may occur, e.g. when the children play games,
listen to
 music, watch videos, send e-mails, etc.
 Children tend to learn more of theory other than practicals.
 There is a lot of incorrect information in the Internet.
 Computers cannot give as much information as can' be derived from
human
 interaction.
 ICT is very expensive and not all students get the same
opportunities.
 Computers are not as reliable as teachers are.
Types of ICT resources used in
learning.
Desktop and tablet white board
laptops Pen Drive DVD and CD
Smartphone  Flash disc
Ipod
Projector Ipad video Game
Digital Webboard Internet
camera Scanner
Printer
Microphone
Photocopier
interactive
 Classification of ICT Resources.
 Computing devices.
 Display devices.
 OERs.
 Educational platforms with content.
 ICTs
for learners with disabilities among other emerging
technologies.
Acquisition of Learning
Resources
 Sourcing for learning resources
 Whatdo we mean by sourcing learning
materials?
 What are the different ways of sourcing
Learning materials?
 Whatare merits and demerits of different
methods used for sourcing learning materials?
 Develop a proposal for sourcing learning
materials and present.
Development of learning resources.
In groups;
 Identify different types of learning resources for use
in learning.
 Design different types of learning resources for use in
learning.
 Develop different types of learning materials
School Production Unit.

 What is a school production unit?

 Searchfrom the internet among other sources for
the requirements of establishing a school
production unit.
Project

Individual work;
 Design, develop and produce a certain type of
learning resource.
 Prepare and make presentations of the final
products produced during the project work
End of Term One