CHAPTER 1

research problem and

its background
INTODUCTION:
• Discussions are in paragraph form starting from
the macro concepts (international scenario) to
the micro concepts (local) which will give an
overview of the research
• It includes the legal bases of the study which
supports the importance of the research and
the personal justification of the researcher
• It also includes concepts and ideas from other
sources stated by experts. Acknowledgment of
source is done in journal form (Ex. Santos,
2009)
• It should have a maximum of 4 pages
 Background of the Study
• the discussion of the problem
situation as observed and
experienced by the researcher
f the
n d o • concepts and ideas related to
gro u
ba ck d y the problem
stu
• discussion on the existing or
present conditions and what is
aimed to be in the future or the
gap to be filled-in by the
research
• it should have a maximum of
two (2) pages
Background of the Study
Our research focuses on the
product market, an innovative
solution designed to make the
product become a top-of-mind
product.

By understanding market demand, competition, and

technology, we aim to unlock this new product's potential,
addressing critical needs and driving innovation in the
market. Through this research, we aim to provide insights
into its successful development, launch, and adoption,
creating lasting value for stakeholders.
Scope and limitation of the study
• This section discusses the parameters of the research in paragraph
form.
• It answers the basic questions: What? Where? When? Who? Why?
How?
[Link] - the focus/topic of the investigation and the variables
considered in the study
[Link] - the venue or setting of the research
[Link] - the time frame by which the study was conducted
[Link] - the subjects/respondents of the study and population sampling
[Link] - the general objectives of the research
[Link] - the methodology of the research which may include the
research design, methodology, and research instrument
• It may also discuss why certain variables were not included in the
research
statement of the problem
• This section should have an introductory
statement
• It should state the specific questions
answered by the research (enumerated)
 hypothesis
• This section should have an introductory
statement
• It should state the hypothesis/hypotheses
tested in the research
• Hypothesis is stated in null hypothesis
 theorethical framework
• This section presents a theory or theories
(maximum of three), which served as the
framework/s of the research
• The main idea of the theory should be
discussed followed by the discussion of its
relation to the study. The researcher should
be able to anchor the research to the theory
or establish its relationship
• It has a maximum of 3 pages
 conceptual framework
• This section is the researcher’s own
conceptualization/interpretation of the study
through the use of a model. It describes the
general outcome of the study from the
interplay of the different variables
• The conceptual model is figurative
representation of the research framework
drawn in a separate page in the the middle
of the discussion
 conceptual framework
• In the discussion, the researcher describes
and explains the model, the meaning of the
figures, the content and the processes
involved
• All the variables involved in the study should
be reflected in the model
 definition of terms
• This section should have and introductory
statement
• Terms or variables are listed and arranged in
alphabetical order, written in bold lowercase
letters. Each word should start with a capital
letter.
• Each variable is given a definition written
immediately after each term in sentence form.
Operational definitions are necessary. Each
entry should be in hanging indentions format
 Chapter 2
Review of related literature and studies
There should be a chapter introduction in paragraph
form
Variables
Literature (Local and Foreign)
Studies (Local and Foreign)

 Theories, concepts and ideas that will explain

the meaning of every variable are included
Review of related literature and studies
 This section provides for the related literatures
and studies, both foreign and local, for each
variable included in the research.
 Related studies for each variable are also
presented in this section without discussion on
the parallelism to the present day study.
 The discussion should also include how the
variables were used in the present study to
explain its significance.
Review of related literature and studies

 The variables are discussed in order of their

manifestation in the conceptual model

 A minimum of two (2) related literature and

two (2)related studies written within the past
ten (10) years are required for each variable.
 Chapter 3
Research method and procedure
There should be a chapter introduction in paragraph form citing the
different parts or contents of the chapter.
Method of Research Used
 This section contains the discussions of the following
contents in paragraph form
 Research design
 Methods or techniques used as defined from different
sources.

 A discussion on how this/these method/s was/were used in

the present study.
Research method and procedure
Setting of the Study
 This section provides for the description in paragraph form
of the venue or locale where the study was conducted
 If consists of town/s province or any community, it may
include geographical descriptions, socioeconomic
descriptions or any specific descriptions in relation to what
was studied.
 If it is an agency or institution, the description may include
a brief history, vision and mission, composition/structure,
location, nature of the organization and specific
descriptions in relation to what was studied. There is no
need to mention names of persons.
 Programs being conducted in the setting/locale which are
related to the research should be mentioned.
 A map or diagram maybe provided as a figure presented in
a separate page.
Research method and procedure
Subject of the Study
 This section describes the nature or characteristics of the
respondents/participants of the study. This may include the
size of the population and its important characteristics in
relation to what was studied.
Procedure of the Study
 This section discusses in paragraph form the different
activities undertaken to complete the research which
follows the general procedure of the study. A Gantt Chart of
Activities may guide the discussion
Research method and procedure

Sources of Data
 This section deals with a detailed description of the
research instrument/s used in the research (questionnaire,
test, structured interview, observation, actual
measurement using tools, or equipment and others)
Responses to the instrument should be presented and
discussed.
Research method and procedure
Sampling Design and Sample
 This section discusses the sample size and the sampling
technique used to determine the respondents
 The variables considered in case there are equating
factors, the strata in case of stratified sampling or
percentages in case of proportional sampling
 A distribution table for the respondents or graphical
presentation may be used to describe the sample size
which is followed by a discussion
Research method and procedure
Construction of Instrument
 This section discusses the step by step procedure on how
the research instrument was conceptualized and
constructed
Validation of Instrument
 In case of researcher-made instruments, the validation
process should be discussed and when statistical measures
were used, figures of the results should be presented
 If the instrument was adopted, the author should be
recognized and the source should be properly documented.
Research method and procedure
Administration of the Instrument
 This section includes the discussion on how the research
instrument was administered, what medium was used, the
time frame of administration and the strategy employed in
the administration

Data Gathering Procedure

 This section should discuss in paragraph form the different
activities undertaken to complete the research which
follows the procedure of the study by answering the
statement of the problem one by one.
Research method and procedure
Statistical Treatment
 The statistical tool used for each question in the statement
of the problem is discussed under this section in paragraph
form
 Formulas nee not to be written
 Ranges used for descriptive statistics should be presented
 Chapter 4
Presentation, analysis and interpretation of data
 There should be a chapter introduction in paragraph form
 Subtitles or sections are based on the questions in the statement of
the problem stated in the declarative form, single-spaced and in bold
letters
 Table and Figure numbers and titles are written in capital lower case,
at the center and single-spaced. The title of the table or figure
should come after the table or figure number and should be
arranged in an inverted pyramid.
 Tables and figures should be numbered continuously. The table of
figure should be presented before its discussion. Enclosed tables
with double line on top should be used. Graphs should be colored
 Discussion should follow the format: presentation of data, analysis
and interpretation, then implications. Related literature and studies
may be used to support/contradict the findings.
 Chapter 5
Summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations
 There should be a chapter introduction in paragraph form

Summary of Findings
 This section should have an introductory statement
 Subtitles of the summary of findings should follow the
statement of the problem. Only averages of means and final
values should be mentioned.

Conclusions
 This section should have and introductory statement.
 The conclusion should be based on the
hypothesis/assumption of the study.
 Chapter 5
Summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations

Recommendations
 This section should have and introductory statement.
 The recommendations should be based on the important
results
 It is suggested that concrete programs be the
recommendations other than the general ideas.
references
 Enlist all the reference materials used in the research classified
into:
o Books
o Thesis/Dissertation
o Journals/Newspapers/Magazines
o Internet
Format:
Author (Surname first in alphabetical order), title of book, publisher,
place and year of publication, written in hanging indention, single-
space within, double in between each title, title of source written in
bold face.
appendices
 Letter of appendices are separately written on top of the title,
double-spaced, all Capitals/Upper case
 Appendix title is written single-spaced Capital letter
 This may include:
 Questionnaire/Test/Research Instrument and Table of
Specification
 Letter Requesting for Permission to Conduct the Study
 Tables of Raw Scores
 Schedule of Activities
 Others
 Curriculum vitae
 Title CURRICULUM VITAE is written on top of the page in all
capital letters and bold.
 The name of the researcher written in all capital letters should be
written after the title heading, the permanent address should follow
the name, single-spaced and centered
 The Curriculum Vitae will have the following major parts:
 Work Experience
 Educational Background
 Personal information
Thank You