HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING, KEONJHAR
Name - Debasmita Garnayak
Roll no - 2201104253
Branch - Civil Engineering
Semester - 3rd
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CONTENT
▪ Introduction
▪ History
▪ Social effect
▪ Environment
▪ Road traffic and safety
▪ Design
▪ Geometric design
▪ Material
▪ Construction
▪ Overlay design
2 ▪ Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
❖ A highway is any public road or other public way on land.
Development of a country depends on the connectivity of various
places with adequate road network. Roads are the major channel
of transportation for carrying goods and passengers.
❖ They play a significant role in improving the socio-economic
standards of a region.
❖ Highways constitute the most important mode of communication
in areas where railways have not developed much and form the
basic infra structure for the development and economic growth
of the country.
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HISTORY
❖ Modern highway systems developed in the 20th century as the
automobile gained popularity. The world’s first limited access
road was constructed in Italy in 1922 (see autos trade).
❖ Construction of the Bonn-Cologne autobahn began in 1929 and
was opened in 1932 by the mayor of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer.
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SOCIAL EFFECT
❖ In transport, demand can be measured in numbers of journeys
made or in total distance travelled across all journeys (e.g.
passenger-kilo metres for public transport or vehicle-kilo
metres of travel (VKT) for private transport). Supply is
considered to be a measure of capacity.
❖ The price of the good (travel) is measured using the
generalized cost of travel, which includes both money and time
expenditure.
❖ The effect of increases in supply (capacity) is of particular
interest in transport economics (see induced demand), as the
potential environmental consequences are significant.
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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT
❖ Highways are extended linear sources of pollution.
❖ Roadway noise increases with operating speed so major
highways generate more noise than arterial streets. Therefore,
considerable noise health effects are expected from highway
systems.
❖ Noise mitigation strategies exist to reduce sound levels at
nearby sensitive receptors. The idea that highway design could
be influenced by engineering considerations first arose about
1973.
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ROAD TRAFFIC AND SAFETY
❖ Road traffic safety aims to reduce the harm (deaths, injuries,
and property damage) on the highway system from traffic
collisions and includes the design, construction and regulation
of the roads, the vehicles that use them and also the training of
drivers and other road-users.
❖ Improvement of road safety needs to be balanced with the
provision of an effective efficient transport system.
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DESIGN
❖ The most appropriate location, alignment, and shape of a
highway are selected during the design stage.
❖ Highway design involves the consideration of three major
factors (human, vehicular, and roadway) and how these factors
interact to provide a safe highway.
❖ Human factors include reaction time for braking and steering,
visual acuity for traffic signs and signals, and car-following
behavior.
❖ Vehicle considerations include vehicle size and dynamics that
are essential for determining lane width and maximum slopes,
and for the selection of design vehicles.
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GEOMETRIC DESIGN
▪ Design speed
▪ Design traffic volume
▪ Number of lanes
▪ Level of Service (LOS)
▪ Sight Distance
▪ Alignment, super-elevation, and grades
▪ Cross section
▪ Lane width
▪ Horizontal and vertical clearance
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MATERIALS
▪ CEMENT
▪ SAND
▪ BOULDER
▪ AGGREGATES (different sizes)
▪ STEEL
▪ MESH
▪ BITUMEN
▪ GEO-TEXTITLE
▪ RCC HUME PIPES
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CONSTRUCTION
❖ Flexible Pavement Design:- A flexible pavement’s surface layer
is constructed of hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Un-stabilized
aggregates are typically used for the base course; however, the
base course could also be stabilized with asphalt, Portland
cement, or another stabilizing agent.
❖ The sub base is generally constructed from local aggregate
material, while the top of the sub grade is often stabilized with
cement lime.
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RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN
❖ Rigid pavements are generally used in constructing airports
and major highways, such as those in the interstate highway
system. In addition, they commonly serve as heavy-duty
industrial floor slabs, port and harbor yard pavements, and
heavy-vehicle park or terminal pavements. Like flexible
pavements, rigid highway pavements are designed as all-
weather, long-lasting structures to serve modern day high-
speed traffic.
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FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT OVERLAY
DESIGN
❖ Over the service life of a flexible pavement, accumulated traffic
loads may cause excessive rutting or cracking, inadequate ride
quality, or an inadequate skid resistance. These problems can
be avoided by adequately maintaining the pavement, but the
solution usually has excessive maintenance costs, or the
pavement may have an inadequate structural capacity for the
projected traffic loads.
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RIGID PAVEMENT OVERLAY
DESIGN
❖ There are three subcategories of rigid pavement overlays that
are organized depending on the bonding condition at the
pavement overlay and existing slab interface. - Bonded
overlays - Un-bonded overlays - Partially bonded overlays
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DRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN
❖ Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-
surface water from an area. Roadside drainage system holds
immense significance for roads to stay intact for a long time.
❖ Along with road construction, the task of drainage system side
of roads is carried out with the help of RCC box drain. High
quality concrete pipes, widely known as HUME PIPE are
exploited in roadside drainage system.
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ELECTRICITY GENERATION USING
SPEED BREAKERS
❖ Producing electricity from a speed breaker is a new concept that is
undergoing*Electricity generation using speed breakers*Producing
electricity from a speed breaker is a new concept that is undergoing
research.
❖ The number of vehicles on road is increasing rapidly and if we convert
some of the kinetic energy of these vehicle into the rotational motion of
roller then we can produce considerable amount of electricity, this is the
main concept of this project. In this project, a roller is fitted in between a
speed breaker and some kind of a grip is provided on the speed breaker
so that when a vehicle passes over speed breaker it rotates the roller.
❖ This movement of roller is used to rotate the shaft of D.C. generator by
the help of chain drive which is there to provide 1:5 speed ratio. As the
shaft of D.C. generator rotates, it produces electricity.
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GENERATOR
❖ In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device
that converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy. A generator
forces electric current to flow through an
external circuit. This is connected to the speed
breaker through a conveyer.
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AUTO LIGHTING SYSTEM
❖ Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple
and powerful concept, which uses transistor as a
switch to switch ON and OFF the street light
automatically. By using this system manual works are
removed. It automatically switches ON lights when
the sunlight goes below the visible region of our
eyes.
❖ It automatically switches OFF lights under
illumination by sunlight. This is done by a sensor
called Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR) which senses the light
actually like our eyes. By using this system
energy consumption is also reduced
because now-a-days the
manually operated street lights are not switched
off properly even the sunlight
comes and also not switched on
18earlier before sunset.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
SCOPE
❖ This is a model on ply- board. Practically the road will be
made by using concrete. And in this world where there is
shortage of electrical power supply, this project will be helpful to
solve some of the problems. This project has some advantages
which are:- The project is economical and easy to install.
❖ This project is none polluting -Maintenance cost is low. -
Installation cost is low. - Will solve some of the electricity
problems of the world. -The electricity produced by this system
can be used to drive an electric motor or for any other purpose.
❖ This project can be implemented on road and can be used to
lighten the street lamps.
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THANK YOU
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