COLLEGE OF HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE.

ASSESSMENT OF ACCESS TO DRINKING
WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION, AND
HYGIENE FACILITIES IN BULE HORA
WOREDA, WEST GUJI ZONE, SOUTHERN
ETHIOPIA

BY: MUSA BONSO ([Link]) PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

TESFAYE GEMEDA([Link]) CO-INVESTIGATOR

GUDETA KUMELA([Link]) CO-INVESTIGATOR

 CONTENT

• Introduction
• Literature review
• Objective
• Methods and materials
• Work plan
• Budget breakdown
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
 BACKGROUND

• Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is

essential for human health as well as for quality of
life and dignity. (Bartram and Cairncross, 2010).
• UN SDGs targets to ensure availability and
sustainable management of water and sanitation
for all by 2030((UN, 2016).
• Development of community water supply and
sanitation results in improved social and economic
conditions and improved health (Andrea, 2012).
 CONT.………………

• Transition from unimproved to improved sanitation

reduces overall child mortality (WHO, 2015)
• Increased WASH problems in the country demands
community-based studies that will facilitate a better
understanding of the issues and influence policy and
decision-making at the community/national level.
• Hence this study will be conducted to assess access
to WASH status in Bulehora woreda.
 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

• According to WHO/UNICEF JMP (2017) for water supply and

sanitation report,
 844 million people lack of basic drinking water service,
263 million people have a limited drinking water service and
159 million people collect drinking water directly from surface
water sources.
2.3 billion people lack basic sanitation service,
600 million people used a limited sanitation service and 892
million people worldwide practiced open defecation.
 CONT.……………

• In developing countries 26 per cent had handwashing

facilities lacking soap or water and the remaining 47 percent
had no facility.
• According to EDHS 2016 report
35 % of HH access to non-improved source of drinking water
and
94% of households use non-improved toilet facilities
About 32 million people of the population are still
defecating in the open field.
CONT……………

• According to JMP of estimates of 2017 for WASH in

Ethiopia with new SDG ladders.
 25% of households have access to unimproved, and
12% of households have access to surface water.
59% of households have access to unimproved sanitation
facility and the rest 27% practice open defecation.
98% have no hand washing facility.
 CONT.………………

• According to Dugasa et al. (2016) in Welenchiti town.

 74.00% of HH got less than 20 l/c/d.
 67% respondents not washed their hands after defecation with soap
and water.
 11% of HH have no latrine facility totally.

• Study conducted in Wolatia Sodo by Admasie and Debebe (2016) revelead

that :-
 67.9% community have access to improved water supply.
 75.9% have pit latrine in their compounds.
 21.3% have hand washing facility in the home.
 CONT.………………….

• The above stated research addresses access to WASH

with the MDG ladders and it is limited to urban.
• But the researchers wants to address access to WASH
with new SDG ladders and both urban and rural context.
• Therefore, this study aimed to assess access to WASH
status of households in Bulehora woreda, West Guji
zone, Ethiopia.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

• Many people throughout the world do not

have access to WASH which is fundamental
needs for every body.
• Importance of these study will be providing
baseline information for concerned body.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
 GLOBAL GOALS, TARGETS, INDICATORS
AND CURRENT STATUS FOR WASH
• SDG6 on clean water and sanitation has planned to achieve by
2030, ensure availability and sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all.
• In Ethiopia GTPII clearly articulates, based on new water supply
standard, to reach 85% from current 59% in rural areas and
75% from current 58% in urban areas by 2020.
• The number of people (particularly mothers) practicing
improved hygiene behaviour and living in healthy
environments is planned to be increased to 70%, by 2020,
from the current 17% (UNICEF ETHIOPA, 2016).
 CURRENT STATUS

• In 2015 Ethiopia achieved the drinking water MDG target

of 57% , means over 52 million people have access to an
improved drinking water source.
• 67 million people gained access to a latrine over the MDG
period at an average of 2.6 million people per year.
• According to seifu et al. (2012) study conducted in
Amhara region indicate that WASH have many problems.
Additional to its limitation.
WASH sector SDG global target SDG global indicator
goal
Ending open 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and
defecation equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and 6.2.1 Population practicing
end open defecation, paying special attention open defecation
to the needs of women and girls and those in
vulnerable situations

Achieving 1.4 By 2030, ensure all men and women, in Population living in households
universal access Particular the poor and vulnerable, have equal with access to basic services
to basic rights to economic resources, as well as access to (including basic drinking water,
services basic services… sanitation and hygiene)

Progress 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable 6.1.1 Population using safely
towards safely access to safe and affordable drinking water managed drinking water
managed for all services
services 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and 6.2.1 Population using safely
equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and Managed sanitation services
end open defecation, paying special attention 6.2.1 Population with a basic
to the needs of women and girls and those in handwashing facility with
vulnerable situations soap and water available on
premises
 THE NEW JMP LADDER FOR DRINKING WATER
SERVICES
Service level Definition
Safely managed Drinking water from an improved water source
that is located on premises, available when needed and
free from faecal and priority chemical contamination
Basic Drinking water from an improved source, provided
collection time is not more than 30 minutes for a round
trip, including queuing
Limited Drinking water from an improved source for which
collection time exceeds 30 minutes for a round trip,
including queuing
Unimproved Drinking water from an unprotected dug well or
unprotected spring
Surface water Drinking water directly from a river, dam, lake, pond,
stream, canal or irrigation canal
Note: Improved sources include: piped water, boreholes or tube-wells, protected
dug wells, protected springs, rainwater, and packaged or delivered water.
 THE NEW JMP LADDER FOR
SANITATION SERVICES

Service level Definition

Safely managed Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other
households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or
transported and treated offsite
Basic Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other
households
Limited Use of improved facilities shared between two or more
households
Unimproved Use of pit latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines or
bucket latrines
Open defecation Disposal of human faeces in fields, forests, bushes, open bodies of
water, beaches or other open spaces, or with solid waste

Note: improved facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit
latrines; ventilated improved pit latrines, composting toilets or pit latrines with slabs.
 THE NEW JMP LADDER FOR
HYGIENE
Service level Definition
Basic  Availability of a handwashing facility on
premises with soap and water
Limited  Availability of a hand washing facility on
premises without soap and water
No facility  No hand washing facility on premises

Note: Hand washing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with tap
water, buckets with taps, tippy-taps, and jugs or basins designated for hand
washing. Soap includes bar soap, liquid soap, powder detergent, and soapy water
but does not include ash, soil, sand or other hand washing agents.
CHAPTER THREE
OBJECTIVE
 CONT……………

General Objective
• The main objective of this study will be to assess access to
WASH facilities in Bulehora woreda, West Guji Zone, Southern
Ethiopia.
Specific Objectives
• To determine access to drinking water supply,
• To assess access to sanitation facility
• To determine access to hygiene facilities in Bulehora woreda,
West Guji Zone, southern Ethiopia.
CHAPTER FOUR
METHODS AND MATERIALS
 STUDY DESIGN, PERIOD AND AREA

 Study Area And Period

• The study will be conducted in Bule Hora Woreda, west Guji zone,
Oromia regional state of Ethiopia.
• Woreda consists of 5 urban kebeles and 35 rural kebeles and the total
populations of 257,000 and 41.141 households
• The study period will be from February 2019 to June 2019 G.C.
 Study Design

• Cross-sectional study will be conducted to assess access to water

supply, sanitation and hygiene facilities in Bule Hora woreda west Guji
zone, southern Ethiopia
 CONT………………

 Source population

• All households found in 40 kebeles (35 rural and 5 urban)

kebeles of Bule Hora Woreda
 Study Population

• Selected households found in 12 rural kebeles and 2 urban

kebeles of Bule Hora Woreda
 SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION

• The total sample size included in the study will be

calculated by using Epi Info window version 3.7
statistical software
• A single population proportion formula used by
considering 95% confidence level, the proportion of
household having access to water, sanitation and
hygiene to be 50% to get the maximum sample,
margin of error 5%, design effect of 2 and 10% non-
response rate give the total sample of 839 HHs.
 SAMPLING PROCEDURE

• Multi-stage sampling technique will be used.

• Primary sampling unit- Twelve rural kebeles and two urban
kebeles will be selected randomly by lottery method from 35
rural kebeles and 5 urban kebeles of the Woreda
respectively and included in the study.
• The samples will be allocated to each selected kebele
proportionally and
• Secondary sampling unit- 839 households will be selected
by using systematic random sampling technique.
INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA

• Inclusion criteria will be being a household

living in Bule hora woreda.
• Exclusion criteria will be institutions (such
as offices, hotels etc.)
 STUDY VARIABLE

SOCIODEMOGRAPHI ENVIRONMENTAL
C VARIABLE HEALTH VARIABLES
• Source of water supply and Water Consumption
• Age,
• Water availability and Collection time
• Sex, • Availability of Sanitation facility

• Educational status • Type of Sanitation facility

Occupation status, • Usage of Sanitation facility( shared or not, locked

or not )
• Family size and • Availability of handwashing facility

• Income • Availability of soap and water with handwashing

facility
 DATA COLLECTION AND QUALITY
ASSURANCE
• Data will be collected by face to face interview using pretested
structured questionnaires and observation checklists and checked at
the end of each data collection day for their completeness and
consistency.
• Training will be given for data collectors and supervisors on sampling
procedures, techniques of interviews and data collection process.
• To assure the quality of the data in the study, the English version
questionnaire will translated to Afan oromo and back translated to
English.
• The collected data will be entered into epi Data 3.7 and then exported
to SPSS Version 20 for analysis.( double data enter)
 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

• Ethical permission to undertake the study will be obtained from

Bule Hora University Research and Community Service
Directorate.
• Official letter of cooperation will be given to Bule Hora woreda
Administration.
• Informed consent to participate in the study will be obtained
before conducting the interview. The right of the respondent to
withdraw from the interview or not to participate will respected.
Identification of an informant will be done through specific
identification numbers.
DISSEMINATION PLAN OF THE STUDY FINDING AND
LIMITATION

• Data will be analysed and based on the result;

conclusion and recommendation will be made for
the concerned body for intervention.
Limitation
• The drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene ladders
that will be used in this study will not incorporate
safely managed service level.
WORKPLAN
 BUDGET PLAN SUMMARY

Budget category Total cost

Personnel 57,000
transport 36,000
Supplies 10,670
Training 9,000
Total 112,670
REFERENCES

Admasie [Link] Debebe A.(2016). Estimating access to Drinking

water supply, sanitation and hygiene facility in wolaitasodo town,
Southern Ethiopia in reference to national Coverage
Andrea C. Telmo, 2012. A Water Supply and Sanitation Study of the
Village Of Gouansolo In Mali, West Africa Bedesa Town Water
Supply Service Office (BTWSSO), 2013: Bedesa Town Water Supply
Service Office Annual Report, Bedesa
Bartram J., Cairncross S. (2010). Hygiene, sanitation, and water:
Forgotten foundation of health. Med.2010; 7:e1000367 doi: 10.1371/
[Link].1000367. [PMC free article ] [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
Blössner M. and de Onis M. (2005). Malnutrition: quantifying the
health impact at national and Local levels. Geneva: World health
organization
REFERENCES CONT…
Dugassa W., Megerso A., Ararso D., Kalu S.(2016). Assessment of Water,
Sanitation and Hygiene Status of Households in Welenchiti Town, Boset Woreda,
East Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. Science Journal of Public Health. Vol. 4, No. 6, pp.
435-439
EDHS. (2016). Ethiopian demographic and Health survey Key indicators report
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of health. (2005). National
hygiene and Sanitation strategy.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of health. (2016). Community
Led Total sanitation
Rewata, J. and Sampath, R.(2013). Performance Evaluation of Urban Water
Supply in Tanzania;The case study of Dares salaam, Tanzania. Water Resource
Development16 (3), [Link] Millennium Project. [Link], dignity, and
development: Earthscan/James & James, London, UK.
Seifu A Tilahun, Amy S. Collick and Manyahlshal Ayele. (2012). Water Supply
and Sanitation
THANK YOU
HORAA BULAA DEEBANA