Body

Systems
Respiratory
Circulatory
Excretory
Muscular
Skeletal
Nervous
 Muscular
System
There are 3 types of muscle tissue: skeletal,
smooth, and cardiac

Muscles pull, they cannot push

There are about 600 muscles in the human body

Muscles can be voluntary or involuntary.
Voluntary Muscles
Voluntary muscles are muscles that are under your conscious
control, such as leg muscles.

A. Skeletal Muscles: are voluntary muscles.

a. React quickly and tire quickly
b. Are attached to bones- provide a force to move bones
 Involuntary Muscles
Involuntary muscles: are muscles that are not
under your conscious control- such as breathing
and digesting food.

a. Smooth muscles: are involuntary muscles.

i. They react slowly and tire slowly
ii. Line the inside of your internal organs and
blood vessels

b. Cardiac muscles: are involuntary muscles.

i. Contract to push blood through the body
ii. Found in the heart
[Link] muscle never tires
How Skeletal Muscles Work
Muscle cells can only contract and not extend.
Skeletal muscles work in pairs
While one muscle contracts, the other muscle in the pair relaxes
to its original length.

Example: biceps and triceps

Why do we need the muscular
system to stay alive?
1. Cardiac muscle keeps blood moving through the body
2. Smooth muscle prevents blockages inside internal
organs
3. Skeletal muscle helps to keep us moving
 Skeletal
System
Composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments and
tendons

There are 270-300 bones in the human body at birth

– this total decreases to 206 bones by adulthood
after some bones get fused together

The skeletal system provides;

● support for body movement
● protection for the internal organs
● a reservoir of minerals
 Digestive
System
Food only touches some of the many
organs involved in digestion; mouth,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
and large intestine.

The jobs of the digestive system are;

1. break down food into molecules

the body can use
2. absorb the molecules into the
blood so they can be carried
throughout the body
3. eliminate waste from the body
 Step 1 - Mouth
● Food enters the body here.

● Teeth break down food into smaller pieces.

● Saliva (spit) has enzymes that start to break down the chemicals
in food.

● Food is swallowed down the throat to the esophagus.

 Step 2 - Esophagus
1. Tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

2. Covered with mucus on the inside to help food slide

down.

3. Smooth muscles squish the food all the way down to

the stomach (peristalsis).
 Step 3 - Stomach
1. Smooth muscles contract to churn the food and work to break it
down.

2. The walls of the stomach add stomach acid and pepsin to the
food, which chemically break it down.

3. Food stays in the stomach until all of the solid material is in

liquid form.
 Step 4 - Small Intestine
1. The small intestine is about 6 meters long but only
about 3 centimeters wide.

2. The inside of the small intestine is covered with

villi- tiny finger-shaped structures that absorb
nutrients from the digested food into the blood.

3. Enzymes are introduced to the digesting food to

break down chemicals
 Step 5 - Large Intestine
1. 1.5 meters long and wider than small intestine

2. The large intestine absorbs water out of the undigested food.

The water is absorbed into the blood.

3. At the end, the leftover waste is pooped out.

 Helper Organs
Liver
● Breaks down medicines
● Eliminates nitrogen from the body
● Produces bile- a chemical to break down fats

Gallbladder
● Holds bile made by liver
● Delivers bile into small intestine

Pancreas
● Produces enzymes that break down
macromolecules
● Delivers the enzyme to the small intestine
How the Digestive System
Keeps Us Alive
Food is broken down mechanically and
chemically into molecules like water
and glucose that can be absorbed into
the blood and delivered to every cell in
your body to function.
Respiratory System
Jobs of the respiratory system are;
● Moves oxygen from the outside environment into the
body
● Removes carbon dioxide and water from the body

The lungs bring oxygen into the blood. All

cells need oxygen to make energy.

To inhale: the diaphragm muscle contracts

and flattens, increasing the volume of the
lungs and air flows in.

To exhale: the diaphragm muscle relaxes

and moves upward, decreasing the volume
of the lungs and air is pushed out.
Step 1 - Nose and Mouth
1. Air enters the body through both the nose and
mouth.

2. Mucus in nose moistens the air and traps

particles like dust.
Step 2 - Pharynx
1. The pharynx is your throat.

2. It connects the mouth and

nasal cavity to the
esophagus as well as
trachea.
Step 3 - Epiglottis
A flap of tissue that covers the trachea or the
esophagus
Step 4 - Larynx
Your voice box; Air passes over your vocal cords
making your voice.
Step 5 - Trachea
1. Your windpipe

2. A tube that leads air to your lungs

3. It branches at the bottom leading

to each lung.
Step 6 - Lungs
● Bronchus divides into smaller branches ending at alveoli.

● Alveoli are tiny sacs where gas exchange happens.

● Lungs are protected by the rib cage. You have one lung on each side.

● The left lung is smaller so your heart fits in your chest.

How We Absorb Oxygen
● Gasses, like oxygen, move because

of diffusion.

● After air enters an alveoli, oxygen passes

through the wall of the alveoli into the blood.

● Carbon dioxide and water pass from the blood into the alveoli so it can
be exhaled.
 Circulatory System
Jobs of the cardiovascular system;
● Carries needed substances to cells
● Carries waste products away from
cells
● Fight disease

Blood brings glucose (sugar) and

oxygen to every cell so it can make
ATP energy.

Blood brings cell waste products

(carbon dioxide and water) to the
lungs and kidneys.
Heart
[Link], muscular organ
that pumps blood
throughout the body
2. About the size of your
fist
3. Behind breastbone in
rib cage
Blood Vessels
Your body contains about 60,000 miles of blood vessels

Arteries
a. these carry blood pumped away from the heart;
b. they are the largest and strongest blood vessels

Veins
c. these return blood to the heart

Capillaries
d. these are tiny vessels that connect arteries and
veins
 Composition of
Blood

Red Blood White Blood

Plasma Platelets
Cells Cells
The liquid part of Disks with pinched Large, puffy cells Cell fragments
blood in centers Fight invaders Form clots to stop
Carry nutrients, Carry oxygen (bacteria, viruses, bleeding
chemical etc)
messengers, and
wastes
How Oxygen Travels Through
Your Body
 Aorta
Pulmonary Artery
Vena Cava

Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium

Right Atrium

Left Ventricle

Right Ventricle
Septum
Excretory System
Jobs of the excretory system;
● Collects wastes produced by cells
● Removes the wastes from the body

If the kidneys did not

filter wastes from the
blood, the blood would
become toxic to the
body.
Kidney
1. Found in the lower abdomen in
the back
2. Filters urea (chemical from
breaking down protein) and
other wastes from the blood
3. Help regulate the amount of
water in the body
4. Filled with nephrons, tiny filter
factories that remove wastes
from blood and produce urine.
Bladder
The bladder's walls relax and expand to store
urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine
How wastes are filtered
1. Blood flows into the kidney.
2. Urea, water, glucose and other materials
are filtered out of the blood.
3. The filtered materials pass through a long
twisting tube that allows water and other
good molecules to be reabsorbed.
4. As it goes through the tube, most of the
water and glucose are reabsorbed into the
blood leaving the urea in the tube (urine).
Nervous
System
Jobs of the nervous system:
1. Receives information about what is
happening both inside and outside
your body
[Link] the way in which your body
responds to this information
3. Help maintain homeostasis
Brain
Description
Has 3 regions- cerebrum, cerebellum, and
brain stem
Job
Controls the functions of the body
Location
In skull
Spinal cord
Description
Thick column of nervous tissue
Job
links the brain to most of the nerves in
the body
Location
In vertebral column (back bone)
 How a nerve impulse travels:
1. Receptors pick up a stimuli from the environment.
(phone ringing)
k up a stimuli
2. The impulse moves from the cell’s dendrites into the
ls from one neuron to the next
s the brain cell body, and then down the axon to the next nerve
(and the next nerve, and next, etc) all the way to the
rprets the impulse
ds a new impulse back to the
brain.
3. The brain interprets the impulses and decides on an
action to be taken. (Answer the phone)
4. New impulses travel through the nerves to the part of
the body that needs to react. (make fingers move to
push the phone button)
Why do we need the nervous
system to stay alive?
1. The nervous system directs
everything to work, including
heartbeat, breathing, and digesting
food.
Anatomy of a Neuron