INTELLIGENCE
II BA PYJO/PYPA
Contents
• Meaning, Definition of intelligence, characteristics of intelligence;
• Types- social, crystallized, fluid, emotional;
• Theories of Intelligence- Factor theories, hierarchical theories,
process-oriented theories, information processing theories;
• Educating Gifted children;
• Assessment of intelligence- Indian tests for intelligence
• The concept of intelligence quotient
Meaning
Intelligence—the ability
to think, to learn from
experience, to solve
problems, and to adapt
to new situations
Definition
According to David Wechsler (1977), intelligence is the “aggregate or global
capacity of the individual to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively
with the environment.”
According to Alfred Binet, intelligence is the ability to judge well, understand
well, and reason well.
William Stern defined intelligence as “a general capacity of an individual to
consciously adjust his thinking to new requirements and conditions of life.”
Definition contd...
Thorndike defines intelligence as “one’s capacity to deal effectively with situations”.
For Jean Piaget, ‘intelligence is the ability to adapt to one’s surroundings’.
In the words of Cyril Burt, “Intelligence is the capacity of flexible adjustment.”
Intelligence is defined as a mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve
problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.
Determinants of Intelligence
Gender
Hereditary Environment
differences
Evidence of Genetic Influences
on Intelligence
Siblings who were raised
Studies show that IQ scores of together in the same
identical twins may be more environment have more similar
similar than those of fraternal IQs than those of adopted
twins. children who were brought up
in the same household.
Evidence of Environmental
Influences on Intelligence
Identical twins who were raised separately have less similar IQs than those of
identical twins who grew up in the same household
School attendance has an impact on IQ scores
Children who breastfed for 12 months or longer had a higher IQ (about 3.7
points) at age 30.
Gender differences
Boys and girls tend to be
equivalent in most aspects Girls as a group Boys as a group
of intelligence
• The average IQ scores of • Tend to be stronger in • Tend to be stronger in
boys and girls is virtually verbal fluency, in writing, visual-spatial processing,
identical in perceptual speed in science, and in
• The extremes (both low (starting as early as the mathematical problem
and high ends) are over- toddler years) solving (starting as early
represented by boys as age 3)
Characteristics of intelligence
• An innate natural endowment
• It helps the child in maximum learning in minimum period of time. The
child is able to foresee the future and plan accordingly. The child is able to
take advantage of his previous experiences
• Intelligence and Aptitude differ
• There is a gender difference in the development of intelligence between
boys and girls
• Intelligence is mostly determined by heredity but a suitable environment is
necessary to improve it
Types of Intelligence
Social intelligence
• the human ability to decode the happenings of
the world and respond to it likewise
• exclusive to humans and distinguishes us from
the rest of the beings in the animal kingdom
• the capability to act wisely while maintaining
human relations
• it is markedly different from just intelligence,
unlike what people used to think earlier
• Over the years, it has been observed that many
exceptionally intelligent people struggle a lot
while maintaining a social life
• Example - Kim Peek, whose life had inspired the
hit movie, Rain Man.
Emotional intelligence
Much of what Mayer, Salovey, Caruso -
psychotherapy focuses on "Emotional
is helping people Intelligence includes the
recognize, accurately ability to engage in
Daniel Goleman
label, and manage their sophisticated information
popularized the term
emotions better, and processing about one's
emotional intelligence in
many studies show own and
his 1995 book
psychotherapy to be others' emotions and the
effective in relieving a ability to use this
variety of psychological information as a guide to
disorders thinking and behavior.
Crystallized
intelligence
• Raymond Cattell and John Horn
• Suggests that intelligence is composed
of different abilities that interact and
work together to produce overall
individual intelligence
• Crystallized intelligence refers to the
accumulation of knowledge, facts,
and skills that are acquired
throughout life
Fluid intelligence
• Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to
reason and think flexibly
• In a sense, then, crystallized intelligence
is the outcome of experience acting on
our fluid intelligence.
• The speed with which one can analyze
information is an example of fluid
intelligence, while the breadth of one’s
vocabulary---how many words one can
put to use---illustrates crystallized
intelligence.
Fluid intelligence
• Fluid intelligence seems to decrease
slowly with age, but crystallized
intelligence stays level or even
increases (e.g., Baltes, 1987).
• This is why older, more experienced
individuals can sometimes outperform
younger ones on cognitive tasks
ranging from scientific research to
chess
Types of Intelligence
Theories of intelligence
FACTOR THEORIES HIERARCHICAL PROCESS-ORIENTED INFORMATION
THEORIES THEORIES PROCESSING THEORIES
Factor Theory
Spearman's two Multi Factor Theory Group Factor theory Guilford’s tri-
Factor theory by EL Thorndike by E L Thurston dimensional theory