Scribd
Upload
3 views4 pages

Source Models for Chemical Releases

Chapter 4 discusses the various models and mechanisms of material release in chemical plants, focusing on incidents that lead to spills of toxic and flammable substances. It categorizes release mechanisms into wide and limited aperture releases, detailing how leaks can occur through holes, cracks, and ruptured pipes. The chapter emphasizes the importance of source models in consequence modeling to predict the rate and quantity of discharged materials.

Uploaded by

Anonymous EBReO8v
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views4 pages

Source Models for Chemical Releases

Chapter 4 discusses the various models and mechanisms of material release in chemical plants, focusing on incidents that lead to spills of toxic and flammable substances. It categorizes release mechanisms into wide and limited aperture releases, detailing how leaks can occur through holes, cracks, and ruptured pipes. The chapter emphasizes the importance of source models in consequence modeling to predict the rate and quantity of discharged materials.

Uploaded by

Anonymous EBReO8v
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CHAPTER –

4
1. Introduction
Source
2. Models
Flow of Liquid
1. through a hole
2. through pipes
3. 2-K Method,
4. Flow of Vapor through holes
5. Flow of gases through pipes
1. Adiabatic Flows,
2. Isothermal Flows,
6. Flashing Liquids,
7. Liquid Pool Evaporation or
Boiling,
8. Realistic and Worst-Case
Releases.
4.1
Introduction
▶ Most accidents in chemical plants result in spills of toxic,
flammable,
and explosive materials.
▶ Accidents begins with an incident which usually results in the
loss of materials from the process
▶ Typical incidents might include the rupture or break of a
pipeline, a hole formation in a tank or pipe, runaway reaction
(increase in reaction rate & liberate heat or pressure), fire
external to the vessel etc..
▶ Once the incidents are known, source models are selected to
describe how materials are discharged from the process
▶ Source models are an important part of the consequence
modeling
procedure
▶ This model describes rate of discharged, total quantity
discharge, and state of the discharge
▶ Source models are constructed from fundamental or empirical
equations representing the physico-chemical processes
occurring during the release of materials
▶ Release mechanisms are
classified into wide
and limited aperture
releases
▶ In wide aperture case, large hole
release large quantity in short time
eg. Explosion of storage tank
▶ Limited aperture releases slowly
for long time
▶ The following figure
conceptualized limited aperture
release
▶ For these releases material is
ejected from holes and cracks in
tanks
and pipes, leaks in flanges, valves,
and pumps, or ruptured pipes.
▶ Relief systems, designed to
prevent the over pressuring of tanks.
• For gases or vapors stored in a
tank, a leak leads to a jet of gas
or vapor.
• For liquids, a leak below the
liquid level in the tank causes a
stream of escaping liquid.
• If the liquid is stored under
pressure above its atmospheric
boiling point:
• A leak below the liquid level will
result in a stream of liquid that
partially flashes into vapor.
• Small liquid droplets or aerosols
might form from the flashing
stream.
• Wind currents can transport
these droplets or aerosols away
from the leak.

You might also like