CLASSIFICATION OF
ROUGHAGES
RAKSHANA.M(BVT21077)
Roughages
Feed consisting of bulky and course plants or plant parts,
containing a high fiber content and low total digestible
nutrients, arbitrarily defined as feed with over 18% C.F. and 60%
TDN.
• Succulent roughages : (more than 85%
moisture)
A condition of plants characterized by juiciness, freshness and
tenderness, making them appetizing to animals.
• Dry roughages: (less than 15% moisture)
Feeds in dry state that are bulky and low in weight per unit
volume ; usually they contain more than 18% CF and relatively
low in energy
Succculent roughage:
• Pasture – Natural, Cultivated.
• Grasses, Legumes, Tree leaves.
• Silages
• Roots and Tubers
• Miscellaneous
Succulent roughage
cowpea , cluster
legume >18% protein bean , Berseem
and lucerne
cultivated
Fodder: Maize,
Non legumes <18% protein
ragi, cumbu
pastures
Non
cultivated
grasslands
Non cultivated
Pasture
Natural pastureland includes rough and hilly grazing land.
• Cenchrus glaucous, C. ciliaris and C. setigerus - Excellent
grazing grass for hot, dry areas in tropics and sub-tropics.
• Hariyali grass – Cyanodon dactylon
Cultivated roughage:
Legumes:
Protein content in leguminous fodders is generally
sufficient to meet to the requirement for substantial
production in addition to maintenance.
Eg: Lucerne, Berseem, Cowpea, Cluster bean.
CP-6-12% TDN-45-55%
Cowpea Lucerne
Cluster beans Berseem
Non legume forages
• Fodder maize : Zea mays (Makka cholam). Green
maize is eaten fully by all kinds of livestock if it is
chaffed. It also makes excellent silage. Maximum
yield and digestibility are obtained when the crop is
harvested at 50% flowering to dough stage.
It contains tannin
• Fodder finger millet : Eleusine corocana (Ragi) It
can be fed at any growth stage of the crop without
fear of any toxic principles.
• Fodder pearl millet : Pennisetum glaucum
(Cumbu / Fodder bajra / Indian millet) : It is a
useful fodder crop in areas where irrigation
facilities are inadequate. Bajra can be cut and fed
to livestock at any growth stage and it is completely
free from toxic substances like HCN.
CULTIVATED GRASSES
• Guinea grass - Panicum
maximum (Guinea pul)
Valuable grass for grazing, greens
soiling, hay and silage making.
Nutritive value of guinea grass is
quite high when leafy and young
(10% crude protein), but nutritive
value falls rapidly with increasing
maturity.
• Para grass - Brachiaria mutica
Water grass/ Buffalo grass
It can be used for green
soiling, hay or browse, and should
be grazed rotationally as it will not
withstand heavy grazing.
• CO 1, CO2, CO3, CO4 grasses
Cumbu napier hybrid grasses. Have a better yield and
nutritive value compared to other non hybrid grasses. Can be
converted to hay or silage.
• Elephant grass – Napier grass - Pennisetum purpureum
Young leafy fodder palatable and of fair quality, but mature grass has
a large proportion of stem and becomes rough.
Co4 Characters:
• Yield: 400 tonnes of green fodder per hectare per year and
65.12 tonnes of dry matter per year.
• Plant height: 300-360cms.
• Leaves: 450 leaves per [Link] leaves are 3-4cms wide and
80-95cms long.
• Tillers: 30-40 tillers per clump.
CoFS 29 Characters:
• Yield: 100-140 tonnes of green fodder per hectare from seven
cuttings in a year.
• Height: 220-250cms.
• Number of tillers: 10-15.
• Number of leaves: 80-105.
• Leaf length: 75-90cms.
• Leaf breadth: 3.5-4.6cms.
• Leaf stem ratio:0.2-0.25
SILAGE
• Silage is the preserved material produced by the
controlled fermentation of crop under anaerobic
conditions in a structure known as silo.
• Ensilage is the name given to the silage making
process.
• The main purpose of silage making is to
preserve succulent fodders for usage at the time
of scarcity.
• Silage making involves natural fermentation in
anaerobic condition with due care to discourage
activities of undesirable bacteria.
Tree fodders
• Tree fodders form the staple fodder for small and
large ruminants in most parts of our country.
• Eg:Subabul,Glyricidia,Sesbania.
• In subabool, Mimosine is a toxic non-protein
free amino acid otherwise chemically similar to
tyrosine.
• Mimosine can cause problems when the forage
is eaten in large quantities for a long period.
Glyricidia Agathi
Soobabul
Roots and tubers
• Roots are underground parts of plant e.g., Turnip, beet root,
carrot etc.
• Roots contain sucrose while tubers contain starch or fructan
as carbohydrate.
• Tubers are thickened stem usually formed in underground
e.g., potatoes, Cassava, Sweet potatoes.
• Cassava contains two cyanogenic glycosides, which liberates
hydrocyanic acid (HCN). HCN poisoning leads to death and
wilting reduces HCN content to safe level.
Roots and tubers
DRY FODDERS
Paddy straw:
• It has an exceptionally high ash content which consists
mainly of [Link] lignin content of this straw,is about 6-7%
dry [Link] has poor nutritive values.
• The digestibility of straw is limited due to the formation of
strong physical and chemical bonds between lignin and
structural polysaccharides.
• It has phytic acid
Wheat straw:
• It contains 30-45% cellulose,20-25% hemicellulose,15-20%
lignin as well as a number of minor organic compounds.
Hay:
• Hay is a plant that has been cut,dried and stored for
animal [Link] aim in hay making is to reduce the
moisture content of the green crop to a low level. The
moisture content must be reduced to 20%.
Others:
• A corncob is the left over portion after removal of maize grain.
Corncobs can be used as fibre source in ruminant feeding.
• Bagasse is the fibrous residue remaining after sugarcane is
crushed to extract their juice. It has very low palatability.
• Hulls are outer shell of pods and are fibrous in nature with low
nutritive value.
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