Transnational Organized Crime

Transnational Organized Crime

involves the planning and execution of illicit business ventures by

groups or networks of individuals working in more than one country.
these criminal groups use a systematic violence and corruption to
achieve their goals.
 Organized Crime

is a combination of two or more person for the purpose of

establishing by terror, threat, intimidation or conception in the city or
municipality or any community of either monopoly or criminal
activities in field that provides continuing financial support.
 Criminal Syndicate

an organized and relatively stable business which uses violence and
threat against competitors.
 Criminal World

refers to the social organization of criminals with its own social

classes and norms.
 Historical Types of Transnational Crime

1. Slavery
- the submission to a dominating influence or the state of a person who is a chattel of another.
Slave - a person held in servitude as the chattel of another.
2. Piracy
- is typically an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea. The term can include acts committed on
land, in the air, or in other major bodies of water or on a shore.
- It does not normally include crimes committed against persons traveling on the same vessel as the
perpetrator (e.g. one passenger stealing from others on the same vessel).
- (Presidential Decree No. 532 (The Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974).
3. Opium Smuggling
Smuggling - the act of conveying or introducing surreptitiously or to import export secretly contrary to
law and especially without paying duties imposed by law.
 Modern Types of Transnational Crime

1. TERRORISM
2. DRUG TRAFFICKING
3. MONEY LAUNDERING
4. HUMAN TRAFFICKING
5. CYBERCRIME
 Terrorism

 define as the unlawful use of force or violence against person or

property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian
population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or
social objectives.
 the term terrorism comes from French “terrorisme”, from Latin:
“terror” which means “great fear”, “dread”, related to the Latin verb
“terrere”, which means “to frighten”.
 the use of the word first appeared in January 1975.
 Terrorism

 the systematic use of terror, especially as a means of coercion. It

refers only to those acts which are:
1. Intended to create fear
2. Are perpetrated for ideological goal
3. Deliberately target non-combatants.
In November 2004, a United Nations Secretary General report described terrorism

 As any act intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians

or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or
compelling a government or an international organization to do or
abstain from doing any act.
 Characteristics of Terrorism

 1. Premeditated or Planned
 2. Politically motivated
 3. Aimed at civilians
 4. Carried out by sub-national groups
 Organized Crime Group (OCG) vs. Terrorism

OCG are motivated by money

- Terrorists are motivated by ideology
a. terrorist may use:
1. weapons of mass destruction
2. threats to create fear
3. traditional weapons
 Typology of Terrorism

1. Nationalist Terrorism
- seek to form a separate state of their own and frequently depict their activities as a fight
for liberation.
- the loyalty and devotion to a nation, and the national consciousness derived from placing
one nation’s culture and interest above those of other nations or groups.

2. Religious Terrorism
- pursue their own vision of the divine will and use violence intended to bring about social
and cultural changes.
- religiously inspired terrorism is on the rise, with a forty-three percent increase of total
international terror groups espousing religious motivation between 1980 and 1995. Religiously
motivated terrorists see their objectives as holy writ, and therefore infallible and non-negotiable.
 Typology of Terrorism

3. State-Sponsored Terrorism

- deliberately used by radical states as foreign policy tools.

4. Left-Wing Terrorism

- seek to destroy economies based on free enterprise and to replace them with socialist or
communist economic system.

- these group seek to overthrow capitalist democracies and establish socialist or communist
governments in their place. They want to attack the established system in order to do away with
class distinction.
 Typology of Terrorism

5. Right-Wing Terrorism
- motivated by fascist ideals and work toward the dissolution of democratic
governments.
- this type of terrorism aims to combat liberal governments and preserve traditional
social orders. Right wing terrorism is commonly characterized by militias and gangs; many
time these groups are racially motivated and aim to marginalize minorities within a state.
6. Anarchist (Revolutionary) Terrorism
- are revolutionaries who seek to overthrow all established forms of government.
- dedicated to the overthrow of an established order and replacing it with a new
political or social structure. Although often associated with communist political ideologies,
this is not always the case, and other political movements can advocate revolutionary
methods to achieve their goals.
 Typology of Terrorism

7. Domestic Terrorism
- refers to the unlawful use of force or violence by a group or an individual who is based and
operates within a state.
- these terrorist are “home grown” and operate within and against their home country. They
are frequently tied to extreme social or political factions within a particular society, and focus their
efforts specifically on their nation’s socio-political arena.

8. International Terrorism
- is the unlawful use of force or violence by a group or an individual who has connection to a
foreign power or whose activities transcend national boundaries against person or property to
intimidate or coerce a government.
- International groups typically operate in multiple countries, but retain a geographic focus
for their activities.
 Typology of Terrorism

9. Cyber Terrorism
- is a form of terrorism that makes use of highly technology especially
computers, the internet and the World Wide Web, in the planning and carrying out of
terrorist attacks.

10. Pathological Terrorism

- this describes the use of terrorism by individuals who utilize such strategies
for the sheer joy of terrorizing others. Pathological terrorist often operate alone
rather in groups like the others on the list and often are not true terrorist as they lack
any well-defined political motive.
 Typology of Terrorism

11. Issue Oriented Terrorism

- this type of terrorism is carries out for the purpose of advancing a specific
issue. Commonly these issues are social in nature or deal with the environment. Here
this definition is used to include environmental terrorism.
12. Separatist Terrorism
- separatists seek to cause fragmentation within a country and established a
new state. This type of terrorism is typical of minorities within a nation-state that
desire their own, commonly due to discrimination from the majority group.
13. Narco-Terrorism
- this term originally refers to organizations that gain funds through the sale of
drugs. It can also deal with the use of violence by those groups or gangs designed to
make the sale of their drugs easier.
 Typology of Terrorism

11. Issue Oriented Terrorism

- this type of terrorism is carries out for the purpose of advancing a specific
issue. Commonly these issues are social in nature or deal with the environment. Here
this definition is used to include environmental terrorism.
12. Separatist Terrorism
- separatists seek to cause fragmentation within a country and established a
new state. This type of terrorism is typical of minorities within a nation-state that
desire their own, commonly due to discrimination from the majority group.
13. Narco-Terrorism
- this term originally refers to organizations that gain funds through the sale of
drugs. It can also deal with the use of violence by those groups or gangs designed to
make the sale of their drugs easier.
 Human Security Act of 2007 (RA 9372)

Policy (Sec. 2) – protect, liberty and property from acts of terrorism;

Condemn terrorism as inimical and dangerous to the national security of the
country and to the welfare of the people;
Make terrorism a crime against the Filipino people, against humanity and against
the law of nations.
signed into law by Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and effective on July 2007,
officially aimed at tackling militants in the Southern Philippines, including Abu
Sayyaf Group, which has link to Al-Qaeda and has been blamed for bombings and
kidnappings.
The law took effect on 15 July 2007.
 Human Security Act of 2007 (RA 9372)

Terrorism (Sec. 3, RA 9372) three-part definition:

1. Predicate act
a. Piracy and mutiny on high seas (Art. 122)
b. Rebellion or insurrection (Art. 134)
c. Coup d’etat (Art. 134-A)
d. Murder (Art. 248)
e. Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention (Art. 267)
f. Arson (Art. 324*; PD 1613)
h. RA No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law)
h. PD No. 532 (Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974)
i. PD No. 1866 as amended by RA 8294 & 10592 (Illegal Possession of Firearms and
Ammunition
 Human Security Act of 2007 (RA 9372)

2. Results/Consequences
 Thereby sowing and creating a condition of widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the
populace.

3. Objectives
 - In order to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful demand.

 Penalty – 40 years of imprisonment

 Counterterrorism

refers to the practices, tactics and strategies that governments, militaries and
other groups adopt in order to fight terrorism.

that include the offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, preempt, and
respond to terrorism (NATO and US Military Operations).
 Types of Counterterrorism

1. Strategic Counterterrorism – deny resources, such as finances or base areas

to the terrorist. It will capture, kill, or convert terrorist leaders.
2. Tactical and Operational Counterterrorism – creation of elite units or forces,
whose role is to directly engage terrorists and prevent terrorist attacks. They
perform both in preventive actions, hostage rescue and responding to on-going
attacks.
 Counter-Terrorist Groups

1. Australia – Tactical Assault Group (TAG) and Special Air Service Regiment (SASR)
2. Germany – Grenzchutzgruppe-9 (GSG)
3. Israel – SayeretMat’kal (General Staff Reconnaissance Unit 269)
4. Netherlands – BijzondreBijstandEenheid (BBE)
5. Norway – ForsvaretsSpecialKommando (FSK) - (Special Commando of the Defense)
6. Oman – Sultan’s Special Forces “Cobras”
7. United Kingdom (UK) – Special Air Service (SAS)
8. United States of America – Delta Force and Seal Team Six
9. Philippines – Special Action Force (PNP-SAF) and Special Operations Group (PASCOM-SOG)
 Terrorist Organization in the World

1. Al- Qaeda
- founded by Osama Bin Laden in 1988 in Saudi Arabia.
- an Islamic Jihadist Movement to replace Western-controlled or dominated Muslim
countries with Islamic fundamentalist regimes.
* Osama Bin Laden born on March 10, 1957 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the only son of his
father’s 10th wife. At the age of17, Osama married his first wife. Osama married four women
and fathered roughly 26 children.
* the September 11, 2001 attack – Al Qaeda’s well known attack; 19 men hijacked 4
commercial passenger jet airliners, crashing 2 of them into the World Trade Center, 1 in
Pentagon and the other in Pennyslvania. 2, 973 died and the 19 hijackers.
 Terrorist Organization in the World

2. Islamic State
- also known in the Arab world as Daesh and by the acronyms ISIS and ISIL, Islamic State has
been the deadliest terrorist group in the world for the past three years.
- it has been largely defeated in its home territory of Syria and Iraq but it remains capable of
launching attacks in those countries and has also inspired individuals and affiliated groups to
stage attacks in other parts of the Middle East as well as Europe and Asia.
- ISIS tends to prefer bombings or explosions – these accounted for 69% of its attacks last
year. However, it also carries out hostage takings and assassinations.
- however, Islamic State’s powers now look to be on the wane. Last year it carried out 22%
fewer attacks than the year before, with the number of deaths dropping from 9,150 in 2016
to 4,350 in 2017. The number of deaths per attack also dropped from eight in 2016 to 4.9 in
2017.
 Terrorist Organization in the World
3. The Taliban
- the Afghan group has been waging a war of attrition with the U.S.-backed coalition since 2001 and
has proven remarkably resilient. As of mid-2017, it controlled an estimated 11% of the country and
was contesting a further 29% of Afghanistan’s 398 districts. It is active in 70% of Afghanistan’s
provinces.
- in 2017, Taliban forces were responsible for 699 attacks, causing 3,571 deaths, with armed assaults
and bombings the most common form of attack. In addition, its affiliate in neighboring Pakistan,
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, was responsible for a further 56 attacks and 233 deaths.
- the Taliban's actions have become more deadly in the past year, killing an average of 5.1 people per
attack in 2017 (up from 4.2 people the year before). The group has adjusted its tactics in recent years,
switching its focus away from attacks on civilian targets and towards police and military personnel.
- the Taliban killed 2,419 police and military personnel in 2017, up from 1,782 the year before. The
number of attacks on such targets also increased from 369 in 2016 to 386 in 2017. At the same time,
the number of civilian deaths caused by the Taliban fell to 548 in 2017, compared to 1,223 in 2016.
 Terrorist Organization in the World
• 4. Al-Shabaab
• - the extremist militant group Al-Shabaab emerged in 2006. It is an affiliate of Al-Qaeda
and while its main area of operations is Somalia, it has also carried out attacks in Ethiopia,
Kenya and Uganda.
• - Al-Shabaab was the deadliest terror group in sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, being
responsible for 1,457 deaths, a rise of 93% on the year before. Two-thirds of the deaths
were in the Somali capital Mogadishu. The worst incident was in October 2017, when 588
people were killed and 316 injured in an explosion outside the Safari Hotel in the Hodan
area of the city.
• - many of the countries worst affected by terrorism have seen a decline in the number of
deaths over recent years, including Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Nigeria and Pakistan. Somalia,
however, has been an unfortunate exception to that trend, due to the actions of Al-
Shabaab. There have been almost 6,000 deaths from terrorism in the country since 2001.
 Terrorist Organization in the World
• 5. Boko Haram
• - the Nigerian terrorist group Boko Haram (also known by the far longer name Jama’tuAhlis Sunna
Lidda’awatiwal-Jihad) was once the world’s deadliest terror group but it has been in decline since
2014 and has recently started to splinter into different factions, the largest of which is the Islamic
State West African Province (ISWAP).
• Since it emerged in the northeast of the country in 2002 it has spread out to other nearby
countries including Chad, Cameroon and Niger and the group has sworn allegiance to Islamic State.
• - the fall in terrorist deaths in Nigeria in recent years – the number of deaths is down 83% from the
2014 peak – indicates that the region’s security forces, assisted by international allies, are having an
impact on groups such as Boko Haram. The battle is far from won, though. Boko Haram carried out
40% more attacks and was responsible for 15% more deaths in 2017 than in the year before.
• - most of the group's attacks last year were carried out in Nigeria – particularly in Borno State –
with smaller numbers in Cameroon and Niger. The group has gained notoriety for mass hostage
takings and the extensive use of children and women as suicide bombers.
•
 Terrorism in the Philippines
Bangsa Moro “the MORO people”
- is the generic name for the 13 ethno linguistic Muslim tribes in the Philippines which constitute a
quarter of the population in Mindanao in the Southern Philippines.
- three Major Groups: Maguindanaons, Maranaos, Tausogs.
- - established in 1971 to fight for an independent Moro (Islamic) state in Mindanao, the Moro
National Liberation Front (MNLF) was the first Islamic extremist group in the Philippines. Filipino
Muslims refer to themselves as Moro, which is a derivation of the word ‘Moor,’ a derogatory term
used by Spanish colonialists to refer to Islamic North Africans. The term was then adopted by the
Christian majority of the Philippines to describe their Muslim neighbors in the southern islands of
the country. After over a decade of fighting and negotiations between the Philippine government
and MNLF leaders, then-President Corazon Aquino signed a law in 1989 that established the
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), allowing for self-rule of predominately Muslim
areas. Nonetheless, violent conflict continued until 1996, when the MNLF and the Philippine
government ultimately reached a final peace agreement, effectively ending the group’s armed
struggle.
 Terrorism in the Philippines
- the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) split from the MNLF in 1978 over
leadership and strategic conflicts. SalamatHashim, a member of the MNLF, was
unhappy with the group’s agreement with the Philippine government, which
allowed for an autonomous but not independent region in Mindanao. Hashim
rallied more radical elements to breakaway and form the MILF. The MILF has
been in negotiations with the Philippine government for over 18 years and has
since denounced violence and terrorist acts. In March 2014, the MILF and the
government of then-President Benigno Aquino III signed a peace agreement,
known as the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (CAB). The CAB
laid a foundation for a legislative framework that would replace the ARMM and
grant greater autonomy. (Sources: BBC News, The Economist, Reuters, The
Diplomat)
 Terrorism in the Philippines
Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)
- Aliases: Al- Hakarat – “Bearer of the Sword” and Al- Islamiyah – Father of the
Swordsman.
- Founding Philosophy: The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) was formed in 1991
during the peace process between the Philippine government and the
nationalist/separatist terrorist group, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
- ASG was led by AbdujarakJanjalani, who was recruited for training in
Afghanistan.
- the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) is the smallest, though most radical of the
separatist groups in Mindanao. ASG split from the MNLF in 1991, like the MILF,
amidst criticism that the parent organization was weakening due to its willingness to
enter into peace talks with the Philippine government.
 Terrorism in the Philippines
ASG is the most violent of the groups and is of most concern to Australia and
United States, due to its historical ties to al-Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah.
The group is divided into two main factions: the Sulu-based faction led by
Radulan Sahiron, one of the United States’ most-wanted terrorists; and the
Basilan-based faction, which was led by Isnilon Totoni Hiplon until his death in
October 2017. In a video posted on January 2016, a band of ASG members,
using the group’s alternative name Harakatul Islamiyah (Islamic Movement),
pledged allegiance to ISIS and named Hapilon their new leader. Hapilon was on
the FBI’s list of Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement with ASG. (Sources:
Stanford University, BBC News, Manila Time).
 Terrorism in the Philippines
Rajah Solaiman Movement
- Aliases: “Balik Islam” or “Back to Islam”.
- Founded by Hilariondel Rosario Santos III, a.k.a Hannah Santos, Ahmed
Santos, Hilarion del Rosario.
- Converted to Islam in 1993 and married into the top ranks of the leadership
of the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG).

Jimaah Islamiyah (JI)

- Aliases: Islamic Community and Islamic Group.
- The Philippine cell is the smallest of the JI cells in Southeast Asia.
- Considered as the major logistics cell, responsible for acquiring explosives,
guns and other equipment.
 Terrorism in the Philippines
New People’s Army (NPA)
- Formed in 1969 with support from China.
- Created as the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines.
- the Philippines’ longest-running extremist conflict is with the Communist People’s Party
(CPP) and its military wing the New People’s Army (NPA). Jose Maria Sison, a student activist
in Manila, established the CPP in 1968 after being expelled from the existing Communist
party, the PartidoKomunista ng Pilipinas (PKP).
- the CPP’s ideology is based heavily on Maoist thought and singled out U.S. imperialism,
capitalism, and feudalism as issues to be confronted via revolution or a “protracted people’s
war,” rooted in the peasantry. Unlike Islamist groups that are located primarily in the
southern Philippines, the CPP has a presence in Manila and is active throughout the country.
On August 9, 2002, the U.S. Department of State designated the “Communist Party of the
Philippines/New People’s Army (CPP/NPA)” as a Foreign Terrorist Organization at the request
of then-President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.