The Evolution of Data Models
Hierarchical
Network
Relational
Entity relationship
Object oriented
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Hierarchical Structure—Characteristics
It is one of the oldest database model developed by IBM in 1950
In a hierarchical database model, the data is organized into a tree-like
structure
Each record is linked to one parent record and can have multiple child records.
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The Hierarchical Model
Advantages over a file system
• The model allows us easy addition and deletion of new information.
• It worked well with linear data storage mediums such as tapes.
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The Hierarchical Model
Disadvantages
Now a day there is no longer use of linear data storage mediums such as tapes.
This model support only one to many relationships, many to many
relationships are not supported.
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The Network Model
Created to
The network database model was created to solve the shortcomings of the
hierarchical database model.
In this type of model, a child can be linked to multiple parents, a feature that
was not supported by the hierarchical data model.
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Network Database
01/27/2025
Network Database Advantages
The network model can handle the one to many and many to many
relationships which is real help in modelling the real-life situations.
The data access is easier and flexible than the hierarchical model.
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Network Database Disadvantages
The network data model has some disadvantages, including:
Lack of standardization
Limited commercial support
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The Relational Model
Developed by Codd (IBM) in 1970
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The Relational Model: Basic Structure
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
IN this his model data organize into tables with rows and
columns, and the relationships between tables are defined
through keys.
Examples of popular RDBMS are: Oracle, MySQL, MS SQL
SERVER
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The Relational Model
Advantages
Query capability - SQL
Powerful database management system
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The Relational Model (continued)
Disadvantages
Although relational database management systems (RDBMS) offer
many benefits, there are also some disadvantages that organizations
should consider. Some of the disadvantages of RDBMS are:
Complexity
Cost
Limited flexibility
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The Object Oriented Model
Developed by Hammer and McLeod in 1981
OThe object-oriented data model is based on the object-oriented-
programming language concept, which is now in wide use.
Inheritance, polymorphism, overloading. object-identity,
encapsulation and information hiding with methods to provide an
interface to objects, are among the key concepts of object-oriented
programming that have found applications in data modelling.
PostgreSQL offers some object-oriented features that make it easier
to work with complex queries.
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The Object Oriented Model
Advantages
Object database can handle different types of data while relational data base
handles a single data.
Unlike traditional databases like hierarchical, network or relational, the object-
oriented databases can handle the different types of data, for example, pictures,
voice video, including text, numbers and so on.
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The Object Oriented Model (continued)
Disadvantages
There is no universally defined data model for an OODBMS, and most models lack a
theoretical foundation.
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