Elements and
The Periodic
Table
Matter
All matter is composed of atoms and groups of atoms
bonded together, called molecules.
Substances that are made from one type of atom only
are called pure substances.
Substances that are made from more than one type of
atom bonded together are called compounds.
Compounds that are combined physically, but not
chemically, are called mixtures.
What is an ELEMENT?
o A substance
composed of a
single kind of atom.
o Cannot be broken
down into another
substance by
chemical or
physical means.
What is a COMPOUND?
o A substance in
which two or more
different elements
are CHEMICALLY
bonded together.
What is a MIXTURE?
o Two or more
substances that
are mixed
together but are
NOT chemically
bonded.
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Element, Compound or Mixture?
Dmitri Mendeleev
- In 1869 Mendeleev and Lothar
Meyer (Germany) published nearly
identical classification schemes
for elements known to date.
- The periodic table is base on the
similarity of properties and
reactivities exhibited by certain
elements.
- Later, Henri Moseley established
that each elements has a unique
atomic number, which is how the
current periodic table is organized.
GALLUM
OTHERS: SCANDUIM, GERMANIUM,
RHENIUM
Main
(Representative),
Transition metals,
lanthanides and
actinides (rare
earth)
Periodic Table: The three broad
Classes
Main, Transition, Rare Earth
Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids
Elements can be classified into:
Metals
Nonmetals
Metalloids (semimetals)
Metals
Metals are shiny
Metals are solid at
room temperature
Metals have high
conductivity
Metals can be
flattened and not
shatter (malleable)
Nonmetals
Nonmetals are not shiny
Nonmetals are mostly
gaseous at room
temperature
Nonmetals are poor
conductors
Nonmetals are brittle
and will shatter easily
(not malleable or
ductile)
Metalloids
Metalloids have
characteristics between
metals and nonmetals
Metalloids are solid at room
temperature
Metals are semi-conductors
Nonmetals
Metals
Metalloids
Across the Periodic Table
Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7)
These elements have the same number of shells or energy levels.
2nd Period
6th Period
Down the Periodic Table
Family: Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (columns or
group, 1- 18 or 1-8 A,B)
These elements have the same number electrons in the outer most
shells, the valenceAlkali
shell. Family:
1 e- in the valence shell
Halogen Family:
7 e- in the valence shell
Periodic Table
e- configuration from the periodic table
(To be covered in future chapters)
H He
1s1 1s2
Li Be B CB N O F Ne
2s1 2s2 2p1 2p2p 2p 2p4
2 3 2p5 2p6
1
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
3s1 3s2 3p1 3p2 3p3 3p4 3p5 3p6
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Be Kr
4s1 4s2 3d1 3d2 3d3 4s13d5 3d5 3d6 3d7 3d8 4s13d10 3d10 4p1 4p2 4p3 4p4 4p5 4p6
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Ni Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
5s1 5s2 4d1 4d2 4d3 5s14d5 4d5 4d6 4d7 4d8 5s14d10 4d 10
5p1 5p2 5p3 5p4 5p5 5p6
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Ni Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
6s1 6s2 5d1 5d2 5d3 6s15d5 5d5 5d6 5d7 5d8 6s15d10 5d 10
6p1 6p2 6p3 6p4 6p5 6p6
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
7s1 7s2 6d1 6d2 6d3 7s16d5 6d5 6d6 6d7
• I. FIND THE ELEMENT – use the period/series and family/group information given in each statement to find
the element referred to on the Periodic Table.
• a. Period 3 Group 15 ______________________ b. Period 6 Group 12 ________________________
• c. Period 2 Group 17 ______________________ d. Period 3 Group 2 _________________________
• e. Period 7 Group 11 ______________________ f. Period 4 Group 16 ________________________
• g. Period 1 Group 18 _______________________ h. Period 3 Group 13 ________________________
• i. Period 5 Group 4 ________________________ j. Period 4 Group 2 __________________________
• k. Period 6 Group 14 ______________________ l. Period 4 Group 16 _________________________
• m. Period 3 Group 14 ______________________ n. Period 6 Group 11 ________________________
II. HOW MANY VALENCE ELECTRONS – use the position of each element on the Periodic Table to determine how
many Ve- each element has.
• o. Hydrogen ______ p. Iodine ________ q. Calcium ___________ r. Oxygen
_____________
• s. Boron _________ t. Magnesium _____ u. Francium _________ v. Tin ___________
• w. Carbon ________ x. Xenon _________ y. Sulfur _____________ z. Potassium
__________
1
2
3
4
5
6
Periods are shown as horizontal rows.
All of the elements in a given period have
the same number of atomic shells.
Periods
Each horizontal row
of the table is called
a period
Each row represents
the number of energy
levels present in an
atom of the element
Groups or families are shown as vertical
columns.
There are 18 groups in the periodic table.
1 7 8
2 3 4 5 6
Elements in a group have similar electronic
configurations for their valence shell electrons. This
is why elements in a group have similar chemical
properties.
Groups (Families)
The Columns are
called Groups
There are 18 groups
The Elements in a
group have the same
number of electrons in
their outer energy level
Groups are often
“grouped” together to
form Families because
of similar properties
Groups (Families)
You probably know a family with several members
who look a lot alike.
The Elements in a group or family in the periodic
table often-but not always-have similar properties.
Although you are not expected to know the names
of the similar “family groups”, here is a quick
glance. [Names vary depending on source]
Families of the Periodic Table
Notable families of the Periodic Table and some
Alkali important members: Halogen
Noble Gas
Alkaline
(earth)
Transition Metals
Hydrogen
Hydrogen belongs to a family
of its own.
Hydrogen is a diatomic,
reactive gas.
Hydrogen was involved in the
explosion of the Hindenberg.
Hydrogen is promising as an
alternative fuel source for
automobiles
Hydrogen
The properties of Hydrogen do not match the
properties of any single group, so it is set apart. It is
above Group 1 because it has 1 electron in its outer
energy level like Group 1.
Alkali Metals
1st column on the periodic
table (Group 1) not
including hydrogen.
Very reactive metals,
always combined with
something else in nature
(like in salt).
Soft enough to cut with a
butter knife
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Second column on the
periodic table. (Group 2)
Reactive metals that are
always combined with
nonmetals in nature.
Several of these elements
are important mineral
nutrients (such as Mg and Ca
Alkaline-Earth Metals
Transition Metals
Elements in groups 3-
11
Less reactive harder
metals
Includes metals used
in jewelry and
construction.
Metals used“as metal.”
Transition Metals
Boron Family
Elements in group 13
Aluminum metal was
once rare and
expensive, not a
“disposable metal.”
Boron Group
Carbon Family
Elements in group 14
Contains elements
important to life and
computers.
Carbon is the basis for
an entire branch of
chemistry.
Silicon and Germanium
are important
semiconductors.
Carbon Group
Nitrogen Family
Elements in group 15
Nitrogen makes up over
¾ of the atmosphere.
Nitrogen and
phosphorus are both
important in living
things.
Most of the world’s
nitrogen is not available
to living things.
The red stuff on the tip
of matches is
phosphorus.
Nitrogen Group
Oxygen Family
Elements in group 16
Oxygen is necessary for
respiration.
Many things that stink,
contain sulfur (rotten
eggs, garlic,
skunks,etc.)
Oxygen Group
Halogens
Elements in group 17
Very reactive, volatile,
diatomic, nonmetals
Always found combined
with other element in
nature .
Used as disinfectants and
to strengthen teeth.
Halogen Group
The Noble Gases
Elements in group 18
VERY unreactive,
monatomic gases
Used in lighted “neon”
signs
Have a full valence shell.
Noble Gases
Rare Earth Elements
Draw a line between the molecule and its
name.
Hydrogen chloride
HCl
Chlorine Cl2
Carbon dioxide CO2
Methane CH4
An element is a substance that is
made from one kind of atom only.
It cannot be broken down into
simpler substances. atom
atom
An
An
element
element
A compound is a substance that is
made from more than one element.
atom atom
A compound made up A compound made up
of 2 different of 7 different
A compound can be broken down
into elements
An
element
An
A compound made up of element
3 different elements
An element
Material Made up of: Element or
compound
Water Hydrogen and
Oxygen
Coal Carbon
Carbon Carbon and
dioxide Oxygen
Oxygen Oxygen
Chalk Calcium, Carbon &
Oxygen
Wax Carbon &
Hydrogen
Table salt Sodium & Chlorine
Caffeine Carbon, Hydrogen,
Material Element or compound
Water Compound
Coal Element
Carbon dioxide Compound
Oxygen Element
Chalk Compound
Wax Compound
Table salt Compound
Caffeine Compound
The Periodic Table is a useful way to arrange
elements.
The vertical columns are called groups.
The horizontal rows are called periods.
Elements in the same group have similar
properties.
Three quarters of the elements are metals.
One quarter of the elements are non-metals.
ELEMENTS SYMBOLS PERIOD AND GROUP FAMILY
Arsenic As 4:15 Nitrogen Family
Potassium
Strontium
Uranium
Chromium
Aluminum
Xenon
Sulfur
Gold
Lead
Bismuth
NAMING
ELEMENTS and
COMPOUNDS
Ions
When an atom gains an electron, it becomes
negatively charged (more electrons than protons )
and is called an anion.
In the same way that nonmetal atoms can gain
electrons, metal atoms can lose electrons.
They become positively charged cations.
Ions
Here is a simple way to remember which is the cation and
which the anion:
+ +
This is Ann Ion. This is a cat-ion.
She’s unhappy and He’s a “plussy” cat!
negative.
Cation Formation
Na atom Effective nuclear
charge on remaining
1 valence electron electrons increases.
11p+ Remaining e- are
pulled in closer to
the nucleus. Ionic
Valence e- size decreases.
lost in ion
formation
Result: a smaller
sodium cation, Na+
Anion Formation A chloride ion is
produced. It is
larger than the
Chlorine original atom.
atom with 7
valence e-
17p+
One e- is added
to the outer
shell.
Effective nuclear charge is
reduced and the e- cloud
expands.
-
Na Cl
+
Rules for chemical symbols in the periodic table:
1. The symbol is usually the first one or two letters of the
name.
2. Sometimes the old (Latin) name is used .
3. The first letter of a symbol is always a capital letter.
4. The second letter of a symbol is always a small letter.
5. Every element has a different symbol.
Now look in your periodic table and find the
symbols of the following elements:
Copper …….. Sodium …….
Iron ………..
Lead ……….
Magnesium
……….. Gold ………
Chlorine ……….. Calcium
……..
Carbon …………
Fluorine
Now look in your periodic table and find name
that corresponds to the following symbol:
Fe …….. Ca …….
Mg ………..
Na ……….
Ag ………..
N ………
K ………..
Ne ……..
C …………
Pb ……….
Objective:
1. Learn the scientific method for
naming compounds.
2. There are three rules for naming
compounds: the “ide” rule, the “ate”
rule and the “same” rule.
Chemical Bond
• A bond results from the attraction of nuclei for electrons
– All atoms trying to achieve a stable octet
• IN OTHER WORDS
– the p+ in one nucleus are attracted to the e- of another atom
• Electronegativity
Two Major Types of Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
– forms ionic compounds
– transfer of e-
• Covalent Bonding
– forms molecules
– sharing e-
IONic bonding
• Always formed between metals and non-metals
+ -
[METALS ] [NON-METALS ]
Lost e- Gained e-
Rule 1: When two elements
combine the ending is usually ”
……………ide”. metal goes first
Sodium Chloride N Cl
a
Magnesium Oxide M
O
g
Iron Sulphide Fe S
Rule 2: When three or more
different elements combine and
one of them is Oxygen, the
ending will be “………ate”.
metal goes first O O
Cu
S
Copper Sulphate O O
O
Calcium Carbonate O
C
Ca
O
Rule 3: When two identical
elements combine, the name
does not change.
H H
H2 = Hydrogen
F F
F2 = Fluorine N N
N2 = Nitrogen Cl Cl
Cl2 = Chlorine O O
QUIZ TIME
Write the name of these compounds
16) MgF2
1) RaCl2
17) Na2O
MgS 9)
2) 18) SrS
CaO
KBr 10) 19) BN
3) 20) AlN
AlP
Ba3N2 11) 21) Cs2O
4) K2S 22) RbI
Al2O3 12) 23) MgO
24) CaBr2
5) LiBr
NaI 13) 25) LiI
6) Sr3P2 26) BeBr2
SrF2 14) 27) K2O
7) BaCl2 28) SrI2
Li2S 15) 29) BF3
8) NaBr
Write the name of these compounds
1) 6) potassiu 16) magnesium fluoride
magnesi strontium m sulfide 17) sodium oxide
um fluoride 12) 18) strontium sulfide
sulfide 7) lithium lithium 19) boron nitride
2) sulfide bromide 20) aluminum nitride
potassiu 8) radium 13) 21) cesium oxide
m chloride strontium 22) rubidium iodide
bromide 9) phosphid 23) magnesium oxide
3) barium calcium e 24) calcium bromide
nitride oxide 14) 25) lithium iodide
4) 10) barium 26) beryllium bromide
aluminu aluminu chloride 27) potassium oxide
m oxide m 15) 28) strontium iodide
5) phosphid sodium 29) boron fluoride
sodium e bromide 30) aluminum sulfide
iodide 11)
ISOTOPES
ELEMENT PROTON ELECTRO NEUTRON ATOMIC ATOMIC CHARGE TYPE OF If Ions
S NO N NO NO NO. MASS ATOM (CATION/A
NION)
1. Fe 26 56 +2
2. 18 20 40 +2 Ion
3. 12 12 +2
4. Mo 42 96 Neutr
al
5. 3 2 7
6. Ta 73 181 Neutr
al
7. 8 8 16 Neutr
al
8. Be 4 9
ELEMENT PROTON ELECTRO NEUTRON ATOMIC ATOMIC CHARGE TYPE OF If Ions
S NO N NO NO NO. MASS ATOM (CATION/A
NION)
26 24 30 Ion catio
n
Ca 20 20 catio
n
Mg 10 12 24 Ion catio
n
42 54 42 n/a n/a
Li 4 3 +1 Ion catio
n
73 73 108 n/a n/a
O 8 8 n/a n/a
4 5 4 n/a Neutr n/a
Covalent bonding
Formed between non-metals and another non-metals
- -
[NON-METALS ] [NON-METALS ]
Sharing e-
Bonds in all the
polyatomic ions
and diatomic
are all covalent
bonds
NONPOLAR
COVALENT BONDS
when electrons
are shared
equally
H or Cl
2 2
POLAR COVALENT
when
BONDS
electrons are
shared but
shared
unequally
H2O
Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of
outer-shell electrons.
Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom
Oxygen Molecule (O2)
Molecular, Empirical, and
Structural Formula
Molecular VS. Empirical
• Molecular formulas refer to the actual
number of the different atoms which
comprise a single molecule of a compound.
• Empirical formulas refer to the smallest
whole number ratios of atoms in a particular
compound.
Molecular Empirical
Compound
Formula Formula
Water H2O H2O
Hydrogen
Peroxide
H2O 2 HO
Ethylene C2H4 CH2
Ethane C2H6 CH3
Structural Formula
• Structural formulas give an idea about
the connections between atoms, but
they don't necessarily give information
about the actual geometry of such
bonds.
Covalent Compounds Ionic Compounds
N2O4 AlF3
CO2 KNO3
PCl3 MgO
CH4 Fe2O3
NO2 PbS
O2 Na3N
Formula of Ionic Compounds Cation in Compound Anion in Compound
NaCl Na+ Cl–
AlPO4 Al3+ PO43–
CuSO4 Cu2+ SO42–
Fe(NO3)3 Fe3+ NO3–
Mg(OH)2 Mg2+ OH–
Fe2O3 Fe3+ O2–
AlF3 Al3+ F–
Formula of Ionic Compounds Cation in Compound Anion in Compound
NaCl Na+ Cl–
AlPO4 Al3+ PO43–
CuSO4 Cu2+ SO42–
Fe(NO3)3 Fe3+ NO3–
Mg(OH)2 Mg2+ OH–
Fe2O3 Fe3+ O2–
AlF3 Al3+ F–