Presented By
Ali Kaishan
ENDOCHRINE
SYSTEM
where tiny glands create big changes
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 02 03
Introduction Hormones Function
04 05
Disorders Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
The endocrine system is a network of
glands throughout the body that
produce hormones.
Hormones and
their Functions
HORMONES
Hhormones are chemical messengers that travel
through the bloodstream to regulate various
bodily functions, including growth, metabolism,
reproduction, and mood.
Growth and
Development
Growth Hormone
○ Stimulates bone and cartilage
growth, increasing height.
○ Increases muscle mass and
strength.
○ Regulates fat and glucose
metabolism.
○ Supports organ growth and
development.
○ Enhances immune function.
Growth and Development
Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)
○ Controls the rate at which your body uses energy
(metabolic rate).
○ Essential for normal growth and development,
especially in infants and children.
○ Influences heart rate and rhythm.
○ Helps regulate body temperature.
○ Affects digestive function.
○ Important for brain development and function.
○ Influences muscle control and strength.
Stress Responses
Adrenal Hormone
○ Adrenal hormones (like
adrenaline and cortisol)
prepare the body for
immediate action when
faced with stress.
○ Adrenaline provides a surge
of energy, increasing heart
rate, blood pressure, and
blood sugar levels, preparing
the body for physical
exertion.
Blood Sugar Regulation
Insulin
○ Produced by the pancreas
○ Insulin lowers blood sugar levels by allowing
glucose to enter cells, where it is used for
energy.
Glucagon
○ Also produced by the pancreas
○ Glucagon raises blood sugar levels by
stimulating the liver to release stored glucose
into the bloodstream.
Blood Sugar
Regulation
○ The balance between insulin and
glucagon is crucial for maintaining
healthy blood sugar levels.
○ When blood sugar levels are too high
(hyperglycemia),the pancreas
releases more insulin to lower them.
○ Conversely, when blood sugar levels
are too low (hypoglycemia), the
pancreas releases more glucagon to
raise them.
Blood Sugar Regulation
Cortisol and Epinephrine
○ cortisol and epinephrine can also influence
blood sugar levels, particularly during stress
or exercise. These hormones can stimulate
the release of glucose from the liver, raising
blood sugar levels to provide energy for the
body.
Reproductive
Functions
Sex Hormones
● Estrogen:
○ Key female sex hormone
○ Regulates menstrual cycle
○ Supports pregnancy
○ Develops female characteristics
● Testosterone
○ Key male sex hormone
○ Stimulates sperm production
○ Develops male characteristics
Reproductive Functions
Hormones of Pregnancy
● Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): Often
called the "pregnancy hormone," hCG is crucial
for maintaining early pregnancy by signaling the
corpus luteum to continue producing
progesterone.
● Progesterone: Maintains the uterine lining,
prevents contractions, and supports fetal
development.
● Estrogen: Increases blood flow to the uterus and
breasts, prepares the body for childbirth, and
contributes to fetal growth.
Calcium and Bone
Metabolism
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
○ Increases blood calcium levels.
○ Stimulates bone breakdown (bone
resorption) to release calcium.
○ Increases calcium absorption in the
intestines.
○ Reduces calcium excretion by the
kidneys.
Calcium and Bone
Metabolism
Calcitonin
○ Decreases blood calcium levels.
○ Inhibits bone breakdown.
○ Promotes calcium deposition in bone.
Water Balance and
Blood Pressure
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
○ Also known as vasopressin.
○ Regulates water balance in the body.
○ Tells the kidneys to conserve water by
reabsorbing more water from the urine back
into the bloodstream.
○ Helps maintain blood pressure by
constricting blood vessels.
Disorders
Common Endochrine
Disorders
Diabetes
● Type 1: The body's immune system mistakenly
attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in
the pancreas. This leads to an absolute insulin
deficiency, requiring lifelong insulin therapy.
● Type 2: The body becomes resistant to insulin,
meaning cells don't respond effectively to it. The
pancreas may also gradually lose its ability to
produce enough insulin.
● Gestational Diabetes: Develops during
pregnancy, often due to hormonal changes that
interfere with insulin's action.
Common Endochrine
Disorders
Thyroid Disorders
Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid): The thyroid
gland produces too much thyroid hormone, accelerating
bodily functions. Symptoms include:Increased metabolism
● Weight loss despite increased appetite
● Rapid heartbeat
● Anxiety
● Difficulty sleeping
Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid): The thyroid
gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone, slowing
down bodily functions. Symptoms include:Fatigue
● Weight gain
● Cold intolerance
● Dry skin
● Depression
Common Endochrine
Disorders
Thyroid Disorders
Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid): The thyroid
gland produces too much thyroid hormone, accelerating
bodily functions. Symptoms include:Increased metabolism
● Weight loss despite increased appetite
● Rapid heartbeat
● Anxiety
● Difficulty sleeping
Hypothyroidism (Underactive Thyroid): The thyroid
gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone, slowing
down bodily functions. Symptoms include:Fatigue
● Weight gain
● Cold intolerance
● Dry skin
● Depression
Common Endochrine
Disorders
Cushing's Syndrome
● Excessive production of the hormone cortisol, often due to a
tumor on the pituitary gland.
● Symptoms include:
○ Weight gain, especially around the face and abdomen
○ Muscle weakness
○ High blood pressure
○ Thinning skin
○ Easy bruising
Common Endochrine
Disorders
Cushing's Syndrome
● Excessive production of the hormone cortisol, often due to a
tumor on the pituitary gland.
● Symptoms include:
○ Weight gain, especially around the face and abdomen
○ Muscle weakness
○ High blood pressure
○ Thinning skin
○ Easy bruising
Common Endochrine
Disorders
Addison’s Dsease
● The adrenal glands don't produce enough cortisol and
aldosterone.
● Symptoms include:
○ Fatigue
○ Weight loss
○ Low blood pressure
○ Skin darkening
○ Salt cravings
Common Endochrine
Disorders
Addison’s Dsease
● The adrenal glands don't produce enough cortisol and
aldosterone.
● Symptoms include:
○ Fatigue
○ Weight loss
○ Low blood pressure
○ Skin darkening
○ Salt cravings
Conclusion
"The endocrine system is like the body's
orchestra conductor, using hormones to
direct various functions. These hormones
control everything from growth and
development to how we use energy and
respond to stress. Maintaining a healthy
lifestyle can help keep this vital system in
balance."
Presented
by:
Nadeem Ahmad
BS 7th
Presented
to:
Mam
Aasma Iqbal
Types of Glands
in the Human
Body
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 02 03
Introduction Classification Endocrine
Glands
04 05 06
Exocrine Glands Secretions Conclusion
Introductio
n
The human body
contains various
glands that perform
essential functions.
Glands are specialized
organs that secrete
substances like
hormones, enzymes
and other fluids.
Classification
Glands are classified into
two types.
1)Endocrine glands
2)Exocrine glands
Endocrine Glands
● Endocrine glands release
hormones directly into
the bloodstream.
● These hormones regulate
various bodily functions
like metabolism, growth
and reproduction.
Major Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Glands
Pancreas (both)
Gonads(Ovaries/ Testes)
Pituitary Gland
Located at the base of the
brain
Referred as the “master
gland”
Regulates other endocrine
glands
Secretes growth hormone,
prolactin
Thyroid Gland
Located in the neck
Produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Regulate metabolism
Controls body temperature
Energy production
Overall growth
Parathyroid
Glands
Four small glands located
behind the thyroid
Produces parathyroid
hormone
Which regulates calcium
levels in the blood
Adrenal Gland
Located above the kidneys
Secrete hormones
Cortisol
Adrenaline
Aldosterone
Involved in the body’s
Stress response
Blood pressure regulation
Metabolism
Pineal Gland
Located in the brain
Secrets melatonin
Which regulates sleep
cycle
Pancreas (Endocrine)
Located behind the stomach
Secretes insulin
Glucagon
Regulate blood sugar levels
Plays a critical role in metabolism
Gonads
Ovaries and testes produce
reproductive hormones
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Regulate
Sexual development
Reproduction
Secondary sexual
characteristics
Disorders
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Diabetes mellitus
Hormonal imbalances
Can lead various health problems
Exocrine
Glands
Exocrine Glands
Exocrine glands secrete substances
through ducts to specific locations
Skin surface
Digestive tract
It includes
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Salivary glands
Sweat Glands
Located in the skin
Secrete sweat
Regulate body
temperature
Eliminate waste
Eccrine
apocrine
Sebaceous Glands
Found in the skin
Secrete sebum
Lubricate and protect skin
Associated with hair follicles
Salivary Glands
Located in and out the
mouth
Secrete saliva
Aid in digestion
Oral hygiene
Include
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual glands
Mammary Glands
Specialized exocrine glands In female
Produce milk to nourish infants
Stimulated by hormones like prolactin
Digestive Glands
Include
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Secrete digestive
enzyme
Pancreas
Secrete digestive enzyme
Amylase, lipase and protease
Into small intestine
Help in digestion of
Carbohydrates
Fats
proteins
Liver
Secrete bile
Stored in gallbladder
Released in small
intestine
Bile aids in the
emulsification of fats for
digestion
Gallbladder
Stores bile
Produced by the liver
Release bile into small intestine
Aid in digestion
Lacrimal Glands
Located above eyes
Secrete tears
Lubricate and protect the
eyes
Ceruminous Glands
Located in ear canal
Secrete cerumen (earwax)
Protect ear
from foreign particles
Bacteria
Exocrine
Secretions
Merocrine Secretion
●Release of substance via
exocytosis
●E.G Sweat glands
Apocrine Glands
● Release substances along
with part of the cell
membrane
● E.G mammary glands
Holocrine Secretions
●Release of the whole cell with its
contents
●E.G Sebaceous gland
Disorders
● Cystic fibrosis (affecting
sweat and pancreatic
glands)
● Acne (related to sebaceous
glands)
Key Functions of Glands
Regulation of
Metabolism
Growth
Development
Maintenance of homeostasis
Reproduction and sexual functions
Protection of the body
Conclusion
Glands are essential to the
function of the human body
They can be classified as
endocrine or exocrine based on
their secretion methods
Proper gland functions is crucial
for health and homeostasis