Professor Dr. Md.

Zainul Abedin
Farm Structure & Environmental Engineering
 P
# Types of Beam

i. Simply supported beam:

ii. Cantilever:

iii. Overhanging beam:

iv. Continuous beam:

v. Rigidly fixed beam:

# Types of load
P P
i. Simply supported beam with point load

ii. Cantilever with uniformly distributed load

w/unit length

iii. Simply supported beam gradually varying load

w/unit length
# Bending stress, f O
M M

A C R
O
P Q
y
A′ C′
N.A. N.A. y
P′ Q′
R S N.A.
R′ S′
B dx D B′ D′

here, M = Moment acting at the beam

 = Angle subtended at the centre by the arc
R = Radius of curvature of the beam
y = Distance of the section from neutral axis

Decrease in length due to bending, l = PQ - PQ

PQ - PQ
 strain, e = --------------------- (I)
PQ
From the geometry of curved beam;
PQ R - y PQ R-y
 or 1  1 
R S R R S R
R S  PQ y
or 
R S R
PQ  PQ y
or  where PQ = R S = RS = length at N.A
PQ R
y
or e  ------------------------------- ( II )
R
Stress due to bending, f = strain x elasticity = e x E
y f E
or f  E or 
R y R
E
or, f=kxy where k = constant =
R
or f  y
So, bending stress in a fibre of the beam is proportional to the distance of
of the fibre from N.A.
# Moment of resistance, M
fc

a
P Q E
f y
R

N. A. y N. A.

ft

Let us consider a small layer PQ of the beam at a distance y from N.A. witha
being the area of the layer.
E
The bending stress in a layer, f  y
R
E
 Total load in this layer  y δa
R

Moment of this section, δM  y E δa y  E y 2 δa

R R
We have the algebraic sum of all moments about this N.A. must be equal to M.
E E f M E
 M  y 2 δa  I Therefore ,  
R R y I R
Note : I a1r12  a2 r22  a3 r32             an rn2
n
 ai ri 2
i 1

Y where ai = Area of small elements

ri = Distance from the line above which
I = Moment of inertia
a
x

X
 # Relation between slope, deflection and radius of curvature:
Consider a small portion PQ of a beam, bent into an arc
C
ds = length of beam under consideration Y d

R = radius of the arc into which the beam Q

has been bent ds dy
P
C = centre of arc dx

from the geometry of figure

  + d
X
ds = R . d
ds dx
or R  [considering ds dx   0 ]
dψ dψ
1 dψ
or          (i )
R dx
dy
we have, tanψ 
dx
 tanψ ψ
dy
or ψ - - - - - - - - - (ii) ψ 0
dx
Differentiating equation (ii) with respect to x
dψ d 2 y
 2
dx dx
1 d2y
or  2 [from equation (i)]
R dx
M E
we have, 
I R
1 d2y
or M EI  EI 2        (iii )
R dx

d2y M
or 2

dx EI

d2y
Therefore, EI 2 M
dx
dy dy
on integration, EI M [ slope at any point i]
dx dx
integrating once again, EI y 
M [y deflection at any point]
 # Simply supported beam with a central point load

P x

A C B
yc
x
P L L P
R A 2 2 R B
2 2
x
P
Due to symmetry, R A R B 
2
Consider a section at a distance x from B. The bending moment at this section,
P
M R B x  x
2
d2y
We have EI M
dx 2
d 2 y Px
 EI 2 
dx 2
dy Px 2
On integration, EI   C1        (i )
dx 4
 dy
Applying the boundary conditions; 0
dx x
L
2

and substituting this value in equation (i) we get

2
P  L PL2
0  .   C1 or C1 
4  2 16
Therefore, the general equation for slope at any section,
dy Px 2 PL2
 EI          (ii )
dx 4 16
The slope will be maximum at x = 0 i.e. at point A or B
dy PL2 +θ
 EI  0 0
dx max m 16 -θ

dy PL2 [ Minus sign indicate that the

or  radians tangent make an angle with
dx max m 16 EI the beam in negative
direction ]
Integrating equation (ii) once again we get,
Px 3 PL2 x
EI . y    C2        (iii)
12 16
Applying the boundary condition; y x 0
0

and substituting the value in equation (iii) we get

0 0  0  C 2 or C 2 0
Therefore, the general equation for deflection at any section,

Px 3 PL2 x
EI . y    (iv)
12 16
L
The value of y will be maximum at x
2
i.e. ymax = yc
substituting the value in equation (iv)
PL3 PL2 L
EI . y c  
96 32
PL3
or EI . y c  [ Minus sign indicate that the deflection
48 is downward ]

PL3
 yc 
48EI
 # Simply supported beam with uniformly distributed load

w/unit length x

A C B
yc
x
wL L wL
RA  RB 
2 2
x
wL
Due to symmetry R A RB 
2
Consider a section at a distance x from B. The bending moment at this section,
wL x wxL wx 2
M  x  wx   
2 2 2 2
d2 y
We have EI 2 M
dx
d2 y wxL wx 2
 EI 2  
dx 2 2

dy wLx 2 wx 3
On integration, EI    C1        (i)
dx 4 6
 dy
Applying the boundary conditions; 0
dx x
L
2

and substituting this value in equation (i) we get

wL L2 wL3 wL2
0   C1 or C1 
16 48 24

Therefore, the general equation for slope at any section,

dy wLx 2 wx 3 wL3
 EI           (ii)
dx 4 6 24
The slope will be maximum at x = 0 i.e. at point A or B
dy wL3 +θ
 EI  0 0
dx max m 24 -θ
dy wL3 [ Minus sign indicate that the
or  radians
dx max m 24 EI tangent make an angle with the
beam in negative direction ]
Integrating equation (ii) once again we get,
wLx 3 wx 4 wL3 x
EI . y     C2        (iii)
12 24 24
Applying the boundary condition; y x 0
0
and substituting the value in equation (iii) we get
0 0  0  C2 or C2 0

Therefore, the general equation for deflection at any section,

wLx 3 wx 4 wL3 x
EI . y    - - - - - - - - - (iv)
12 24 24
L
The value of y will be maximum at x 
2
i.e, y max m  y c
substituting the value in equation (iv)
3 4
wL  L  w L wL3 L
EI . y c         
12  2  24  2  24  2
5wL4
or EI y c  [ Minus sign indicate that the deflection
384 is downward ]

5wL4
 yc 
384EI
 # Cantilever with gradually varying load

w/unit length
x

A B
x
L
x
Consider a cantilever AB of length L and carrying a gradually varying load
from zero at B to w per unit length at A,
Consider a section at a distance x from B. The bending moment at this section,
1 wx x wx 3
M  x   
2 L 3 6L
d2 y
We have EI 2 M
dx
d2 y wx 3
 EI 2 
dx 6L
dy wx 4
On integration, EI   C1        (i)
dx 24L
 dy
Applying the boundary conditions; 0
dx x L

and substituting this value in equation (i) we get

wL4 wL3
0   C1 or C1 
24L 24
Therefore, the general equation for slope at any section,
dy wx 4 wL3
 EI          (ii)
dx 24L 24
The slope will be maximum at x = 0 i.e. at point B
dy wL3
 EI 
dx max m 24
dy wL3
or  iB  radians
dx max m 24 EI

Integrating equation (ii) once again we get,

wx 5 wL3 x
EI . y    C2        (iii)
120L 24
Applying the boundary condition; y x L
0
and substituting the value in equation (iii) we get
wL4 wL4 wL4
0    C2 or C 2 
120 24 30
Therefore, the general equation for deflection at any section,
wx 5 wL3 x wL4
EI . y   - - - - - - - - - - (iv)
120L 24 24
The value of y will be maximum at x 0
i.e, y max m  yB

substituting the value in equation (iv)

wL4 [ Minus sign indicate that the deflection
EI . yB 
30 is downward ]

wL4
 yB 
30EI
 ASSIGNMENT: 3
P

A B
1. C
L
2
w / unit length
2. A B
Find general equations
w / unit length
for i A, i Band y maxusing
figures from 1 to 6. Also
3. A B calculate i A, i Band y maxetc
taking reasonable value
P
of P, L and w. The
4. A B notations have their usual
meaning.
w / unit length
5. A B
 w/unit length

6.
A B

7. A B

w/unit length

8. A B

w/unit length

9. A B

Find general equations for i A,i B, i c, y c, y Band y maxusing figures from 7 to 9 with model example.