TEST
RATIONALIZATION
Answer: Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Answer: Fungi
Penicillium chrysogenum
Smallpox vaccine
Handwashing
Microbes cause disease
Answer: John Snow
Answer: Microbial communities and their genetic materials
Answer: Bacterial defense against viruses
Isolated from a strain of Streptococcus
pyogenes, which played a vital role in the
immunological defense of certain bacteria
against DNA viruses and plasmids by cutting
DNA and thereby altering the cell’s genome.
the theory that certain diseases are
caused by the invasion of the body by
microorganisms
the origin of life from nonliving matter
a formerly popular theory that organisms
develop from miniature versions of
themselves
traits are passed from parents to offspring through
gene transmission
Answer: Abiogenesis
Answer: Bubonic Plague Causative agent: Yersinia pestis
Vector: fleas
Treatment: Gentamicin, Doxycycline,
Streptomycin
Fungal Spores
• Divided into 2: Sexual
(Meiospores) and Asexual
(Mitospores)
Mitospores
• Conidia
• Arthrospores
• Chlamydospores
• Sporangiospores
• Blastospores
Meiospores
• Ascospores
Rhizopus
• Basidiospores
• Zygospores
• Formerly under
Zygomycota
Answer: Sporangiospore and zygospore • Divided into
Mucoromycota and
Zoopagomycota
• Under Mucoromycota
Microsporidia Diplomonads
• Spore-forming parasites • Ex. Giardia
• Fungi • Parasitic flagellates
• Have mitosomes
Answer: Mitochondria
Mitosomes
• Mitochondrion-related
organelles (MRO)
• Not used in ATP synthesis,
involved in synthesis of
Fe-S proteins
Answer: Plasma membrane
G+ Cell Wall Fimbriae
• Thick; protect bacteria from • Hair-like appendages; for attachment to
incurring dmg the host surface
Lipid A • Required for initiating the colonization
Answer: Fimbriae • Endotoxin that leads to disease
• Triggers cytokine production • Success as adhesion organelles lies in
their ability to both initiate and sustain
bacterial attachment to epithelial cells
Diaminopimelic Acids Teichoic Acids
- Found in NAG-NAM linkages - Strong acidic
- Gram negative cell wall polymer in Gram
positive
Phosopholipids - Confers negative
- Found in cell membrane charge in gram
- Both Gram negative and positive positive cell wall due
to presence of
Peptide Interbridge phosphodiester
- Gram positive bonds
- No charge - believed to serve
as a chelating
Answer: Teichoic acids / negative agent and means
of adherence for
the bacteria
Heterocysts
- Primary function is
for anaerobic fixation
Answer: Heterocysts of atmospheric
Nitrogen
- Now known as the Archaellum
- Related to they Type IV Pili
Answer: Archaeal Flagella
)
Alternatively:
Answer: 5
Mental math how many times you have to multiply
2 by itself to get 32.
Facultative halophile
- an organism that that survive and
reproduce at high salt concentration,
but also can survive and reproduce at
not-high salt concentrations
Answer: Facultative halophile
Answer: Log phase
Mannitol Salt Agar
- selective
since it has a
high salt
concentration
(7.5% NaCl)
- Differential
because of
phenol red (low
pH, yellow:
high pH, bright
pink
- S. aureus:
mannitol
Answer: Two of the choices are correct fermenter,
creates acid
that turns
media to
yellow
MacFarland Standard
- Solution of barium chloride and sulfuric acid
- Visually comparable to a bacterial suspension
- 0.5 MFU = 1.5x10^8 CFU/mL
Answer: MacFarland standard
Answer: Binary fission
Answer: Water will move out of the cell
Answer: Most available nitrogen is in organic form
Anaerobic; Fermentation
Aerobic; Pyruvate oxidation to produce Acetyl-CoA
Does not happen; pyruvate generate NADH and FADH2, which enters ETC
Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis
Answer: Pyruvate is oxidized in the TCA cycle
Answer: Production of carbon dioxide during fermentation
Formation of glycogen from sugar
Formation of glucose from non-hexose precursors
Formation of peptides
Does not exist
Answer: Gluconeogenesis
Chemiosmosis
- the movement of
ions across a
semipermeable
membrane bound
structure, down
Answer: Protons are moved across a membrane their electrochemi
cal gradient
- ATP formation
from movement of
H+ across a
membrane
Answer: Oxygen is present in the medium
Answer: Oxygen
Oxygen is an end electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. In other forms
respiration (i.e., anaerobic respiration), nitrate, sulfate, sulfur, and carbon dioxide is
used.
DNA
___
Answer: RNA polymerase – makes an RNA molecule from an RNA
template
Answer: DNA replication proceeds in one direction around the bacterial
chromosome
Transduction
Transformation
Conjugation
Only happens in Meiosis, inside the cell, between chromosomes
Answer: as naked DNA in a solution
Constitutive enzymes
- enzymes which are always
present in a constant
amount
- presence or absence of an
inducer does not affect
constitutive enzyme
production
Inducible enzymes
- An enzyme whose rate of
synthesis can be controlled
by an inducer
- Lactose is the inducer that
triggers the production of
enzymes β-galactosidase,
permease, and
transacetylase
Answer: Produces inducible enzymes Repressible enzymes
- Synthesis of these
enzymes is suppressed by
a metabolite
- Ex. Tryptophan operon
RNA Polymerase
Reverse transcriptase
Ribozymes in Ribosomes
DNA Polymersae
Answer: mRNA to cDNA
Answer: The insulin gene was inserted to it
Answer: plasmid DNA
Answer: independent of the host cell's DNA but dependent on the host
cell's enzymes and metabolism
Answer: lipid bilayers / glycoproteins
Retroviruses and Hepadnaviruses (Class 6 and 7)
DNA Viruses (Class 1 and 3); for DNA replication
RNA Viruses (Classes 2,4 and 5); replication of the viral genome
DNA Viruses (Class 1 and 3); for Transcription
Answer: RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
Prophage
- a bacteriophage genome
integrated into the bacterial
chromosome or exists as an
extrachromosomal plasmid
within the bacterial cell.
Answer: along with its host while the lytic genes are not expressed
Protein shell of the virus; protein only
DNA molecule that contains multiple copies of the same DNA sequence linked in series
Capsid + nucleic acid
Lipid bilayer + glycoproteins
Answer: Nucleocapsid
Answer: Biochemical tests
Bacterial virus
Irregularly shaped proteins that can recruit and change other proteins
Small, naked ssRNA
Virus
- broader term that encompasses the
extracellular, infectious form of a virus; entire infectious agent, including its
Complete virus particle various stages of the life cycle (inside
and outside the host cell)
Answer: Prion
Food-borne; fecal-oral route
Blood, semen, or other bodily fluids
Bacterial spores
Mosquito vector
Answer: Hepatitis B
Fomites
- any inanimate object that, when contaminated with or
exposed to infectious agents, can transfer disease to a
new host.
Answer: Hypodermic needle
Answer: 15 to 30 minute
Allows enough time for the air to circulate and the filters to remove any
contaminants that may be present in the environment
Answer: Assume consistency in the content of the program each time it
is delivered
Answer: sterilizes in less time
Commercial sterility
- the absence of microorganisms capable of growing in
the food at normal non-refrigerated conditions at
which the food is likely to be held during distribution
and storage
True sterility
- process of destroying all forms of microorganisms,
spores, and viruses through either physical or chemical
means
Answer: May result in the survival of thermophiles
Answer: Killing Trichinella
Coliforms are motile or non motile Gram-negative bacilli
that are lactose fermenters due to the ability to produce
β-galactosidase
Coliforms:
- Citrobacter
- Enterobacter
- Klebsiella
- Escherichia
Answer: Salmonella typhi
Answer: Lactic Acid
Physical process; remove through floating or settling by gravity
Biological process; uses microorganisms to consume and remove waste
Chemical and Physical process; eliminate non-biodegradable pollutants
Answer: Secondary treatment
Answer: All choices are correct
Coliforms are motile or non motile Gram-negative bacilli
that are lactose fermenters due to the ability to produce
β-galactosidase
Coliforms:
- Citrobacter
- Enterobacter
- Klebsiella
- Escherichia
Answer: E. coli
Answer: acetic acid
Microbial Leaching/Bioleaching
- process of extracting metals from ores
with the use of microorganisms
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
- Commonly used for bioleaching of gold
Answer: cost / environmental concerns
Answer: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Answer: Citrobacter
Expensive
Answer: Nucleic acid-base composition
“I” = Indole Test
(+)(+)(-)(-) “M” = Methyl Red (MR) Test
“V” = Voges – Proskauer (VP) Test
(-)(-)(+)(+) “C” = Citrate Utilization Test (simply Citrate Test)
(-)(-)(+)(+)
(-)(+)(-)(+)
Answer: Escherichia coli
Triple Sugar Iron Test Results
An alkaline/acid (red
K/A, H2S+, Gas+
slant/yellow butt) reaction: It
K/K, H2S-, Gas- is indicative of glucose
fermentation only.
An acid/acid (yellow
A/A, H2S-, Gas+
slant/yellow butt) reaction: It
indicates the fermentation of
K/A, H2S+, Gas- dextrose, lactose and/or
sucrose.
An alkaline/alkaline (red slant,
red butt) reaction: Absence of
carbohydrate fermentation
Answer: Salmonella results.
Blackening of the medium:
Occurs in the presence of H2
Gas production: Bubbles or
cracks in the agar indicate the
production of gas ( formation of
CO2and H2)
Metatranscriptomics
- used to study gene
expression of
microbes within
natural
environments
Metaproteomics
- direct measurement
of all proteins
translated by a mixed
community of
organisms and does
not require the
isolation of individual
species
Metagenomics
Answer: functional or gene expression / gene presence - study of genetic
material recovered
directly from
environmental or clinical
samples
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization
- the full set of chromosomes from an
individual is affixed to a glass slide and
then exposed to a “probe”—a small
piece of purified DNA tagged with a
fluorescent dye
Answer: hybridization of a fluorescent probe to specific DNA sequence
in the chromosome
thrives in extremely hot environments—from 60 °C (140 °F) upwards; optimal at 80 °C
anaerobic archaea that produce methane as a byproduct of their energy metabolism
High GC Gram + bacteria
thrives in high salt concentrations
Answer: hyperthermophiles
Green sulfur bacteria; Bacteriochlorophyll a
Green non-sulfur bacteria; Bacteriochlorophyll a; Chromosomes
Chlorophyll, Carotenoids, Phycobiliproteins
Phototrophic members use bacteriochlorophyll
Answer: Cyanobacteria
Answer: Gammaproteobacteria
Answer: bacteriophage
Answer: diverse microorganisms that inhibit almost every environment
on Earth, including the colon of humans and other mammals.
Answer: green algae
long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium
Structure for making and storing spores
Collective mass of hypae
an aggregation of myxamoebas resembling a plasmodium but without protoplasmic fusion
Answer: Mycelium