Cairn Oil & Gas
Basic Fire Fighting &
SCBA Training
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What is Fire ?
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What is Fire?
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process
of
combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.
Fire requires three fundamental and essential ingredients to produce the
chemical reaction that is called a fire
Oxygen - the catalyst
Heat - the ignition source
Fuel - solid, liquid, or gas that burns
If you remove one of these ingredients, then you can extinguish the fire
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Basic Theories of Fire:
FIRE TRAINGLE FIRE TETRAHEDRON
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Causes of Fire:
• Mechanical – Sparks from Welding, Grinding, Cutting, Friction, etc.
• Electrical – Short circuit, Lightning, Overheating, etc.
• Chemical – Oxidizing agents, Oxygen enrichment, Flammable
liquids/Gases,
Run-away reactions, etc.
• Radioactive - Uncontrolled nuclear reactions
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Some Definitions:
Lower explosive limit (LEL): The of ignition, such as a flame or spark.
lowest concentration (percentage) of a
gas or a vapor in air capable of
producing a flash of fire in presence of
an ignition source
Flash Point is the lowest temperature
at which liquid can vaporize to form an
ignitable mixture in air
Auto ignition Temperature is the
lowest temperature at which it will
spontaneously ignite in a normal
atmosphere without an external source
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Types of Fires:
Fires are classified by the type fuel they burn.
The 4 classes of fire are:
Class A Fires
Class B Fires
Class C Fires
Class D Fires
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Types of Fires:
Class A Fires - Fires involving solid
combustible materials of organic
nature such as wood, paper, rubber,
plastics, etc, where the cooling
effect of water is essential for
extinction of fires.
Class B Fires - Fires involving
flammable liquids or liquefiable
solids or the like where a
blanketing effect is essential
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Types of Fires:
Class C Fires -Fires involving
flammable gases under pressure
including liquefied gases, where it is
necessary to inhibit the burning gas
at fast rate with an inert gas,
powder or vapourising liquid for
extinguishment
Class D Fires - Fires involving
combustible metals, such as
magnesium, aluminium, zinc,
sodium, potassium, etc,. These fires
require special media and
techniques to extinguish.
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Methods of Extinguishing Fire:
There are four methods of extinguishing a fire:
Cooling Starvation
Smothering Inhibition of Chain
Reaction
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Fire Extinguishing Media:
There are four media used to extinguish fire:
• Water • Dry Chemical • Carbon • Foam
Powder Dioxide Gas
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Types of Extinguishers:
Water Fire Extinguishers
Foam Fire Extinguishers
Dry Powder Fire Extinguishers
Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
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Suitable Fire Extinguishers
Water type Foam type DCP type
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Suitable Fire Extinguishers
Foam type CO2 type DCP type
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Suitable Fire Extinguishers
CO2 type DCP type
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Types of Extinguishers
Dry Powder Fire Extinguisher
Cartridge Type
It has no pressure in the body
until its CO2 cylinder is punctured
Stored Pressure Type
The pressure is confined to the
body of the extinguisher
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Types of Extinguishers
Carbon Dioxide Fire
Extinguisher
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P.A.S.S. Method - Using a Fire Extinguisher
PULL
Squeeze the top handle or lever
-This will allow you to discharge the
extinguisher
AIM
Aim at the base of the
fire
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P.A.S.S. Method - Using a Fire Extinguisher
SQUEEZE
Squeeze the top handle or lever -
This releases the pressurized
extinguishing agent
SWEEP
Sweep from side to side until the fire
is completely out
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Never fight a fire if . . .
You don’t know what is burning
You don’t have proper
extinguisher (type or capacity)
The fire is spreading fast or is
already a large fire
The fire could block your
escape route
Your instincts tell you not to do
so
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If You Decide to Fight a Fire
Warn your colleagues about fire – shout Fire …Fire… Fire…
ALWAYS position yourself with an exit or means of escape at your
back before you attempt to fight a fire
Face yourself towards down wind direction
Start fighting the fire from safe distance away
Do not leave the fire area unless you are sure that the fire is
completely extinguished or you are in danger
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EVACUATION PROCEDURE AT SITE
EVACUATION PROCEDURE AT SITE
Emergency Alarm Sounded
Stop all the work and secure the workplace if possible
Do not run and please stay calm
Please follow your CIL Escort and walk quickly to the nearest Muster point
Await instructions from the security at Muster Point
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SELF CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS
A self contained breathing apparatus or SCBA, is a device worn by rescue
workers, firefighters, and others to provide breathable air in an IDLH (immediate
danger to life and health) atmosphere e.g. Toxic gas release, Oxygen deficient
atmosphere, etc.
SCBA typically has three main components:
• High-pressure cylinder SCBA
• Back Plate with pressure regulator/reducer
• Inhalation connection i.e. Face mask
Close Circuit Open Circuit
Not in use for
Widely Used
Industrial
everywhere
Purpose
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SCBA - Application
It is designed to permit the wearer to work safely in an atmosphere that
would not normally support life such as:
In toxic gases
In Oxygen deficiency areas
In the presence of Irritants such as by products of fire
And in smoke
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SCBA - Precautions to be taken
SCBA, by its nature, is filled with air at high pressure which could prove
dangerous if not handled properly. Therefore :
Timely maintenance is required
Training to users is essential
Select the best apparatus
Preserve the certificates
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Composition of Under Varying Effort
Atmosphere Breathing
Air Percent Degree of Air Oxygen
Nitrogen 79% exertion Breathed Consumed
Oxygen 20.9% lpm lpm
Carbon dioxide Traces
Rest in bed 7.7 0.20
Rest standing 10.4 0.33
Walking at 2 mph 18.6 0.78
Walking at 3 mph 24.8 1.07
Walking at 4 mph 37.3 1.60
Walking at 5 mph 60.9 2.54
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Effective Working Duration of SCBA
Cylinder capacity = A liters
Cylinder pressure = B bar
Average consumption = 40 ltr/min
Duration (T) min = A ltr x B bar / 40 LPM
Working Duration = Duration – Safety Factor
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Effective Working Duration of SCBA
Cylinder capacity = 6 liters
Cylinder pressure = 300 bar
Average consumption = 40 ltr/min
Duration (t)min = 6 ltr x 300 bar / 40 LPM
Duration (t)min = 1800 / 40 LPM
Total Duration (t)min = 45 min
Working Duration = Duration – Safety Factor
Working Duration = 45 – 10 = 35 minutes
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Cylinder Pressure V/s Effective Time
Cylinder pressure Total Duration Effective working
(bar) (minutes) (minutes)
300 45 35
280 42 32
250 37.5 27.5
225 33.75 23.75
200 30 20
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Breathing Apparatus-Components
Face Mask
Body Guard
Air Cylinder Facemask
Pneumatics
Lung Demand
Valve
Pressure Reducer
Body Guard/ DSU
Carrying System
Harness
Back Plate
Back plate
LDV – Lung Demand valve
Cylinder
Accessories
Airline Trolley Breathing Apparatus 30
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Wearing Procedure
Wear in safe area before entering into the contaminated atmosphere.
Keep all harness and straps in loose position
Put BA set back plate on back with cylinder valve facing downward
Pull the shoulder straps downwards with slight jerk so that BA set will rest comfortably on back of
the wearer
Tighten waist belt
Connect demand valve to the facemask. Open cylinder valve fully with right hand and observe
gauge pressure. The gauge should read minimum 80% of its full capacity.
Hang facemask neck strap in the neck. Wear face mask and tighten up by pulling head straps
backward direction. The first breath will activate the demand valve and then breath normally.
Close the air supply by using reset valve in demand regulator and check for any leaks through
facemask
Observe gauge pressure frequently, while working with BA set
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Removing Procedurerocedure
Upon hearing the warning whistle or after the completion of emergency operation the wearer
must come out from the air-contaminated area for removing / replacing the BA set cylinder
Loose the facemask straps by pulling lock clips in forward direction
Close the cylinder valve fully
Disconnect the demand valve from facemask and remove the facemask
Loose back plate with the help of shoulder straps
Remove BA set from back
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After Use Care
Check BA set cylinder pressure. If gauge reading is less than 240 bar then replace the cylinder
Empty cylinders shall be refilled
Disinfect the face mask inner side with prescribed disinfectant.
Release all straps of back plate and face mask for next operation
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PLEASE NOTE
BA should be worn by a trained person only.
BA team consists two people.
BA wearer is not allowed to enter a hazardous area alone.
BA must be donned and started up in fresh air only.
BA is not to be worn for entry into a hazardous area unless more than
80% of full capacity air is present in the cylinder.
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ANY QUESTIONS???
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