1 Stress Analysis
Dr. Mohamed Shiba
Stress Analysis (DES262)
Contact info
● Email: melhamed@[Link]
1 Introduction –
Concept of Stress
Contents
Concept of Stress Bearing Stress in Connections
Review of Statics Stress Analysis & Design Example
Structure Free-Body Diagram Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
Component Free-Body Diagram Pin Shearing Stresses
Method of Joints Pin Bearing Stresses
Stress Analysis Stress in Two Force Members
Design Stress on an Oblique Plane
Axial Loading: Normal Stress Maximum Stresses
Centric & Eccentric Loading Stress Under General Loadings
Shearing Stress State of Stress
Shearing Stress Examples Factor of Safety
1- 4
Concept of Stress
• The main objective of the study of the
mechanics of materials is to provide the
future engineer with the means of analyzing
and designing various machines and load
bearing structures.
• Both the analysis and design of a given
structure involve the determination of stresses
and deformations. This chapter is devoted to
the concept of stress.
1- 5
Review of Statics
• The structure is designed to
support a 30 kN load
• The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by pins
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports
• Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports
1- 6
Structure Free-Body Diagram
• Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are
indicated
• Conditions for static equilibrium:
M C 0 Ax 0.6 m 30 kN 0.8 m
Ax 40 kN
Fx 0 Ax C x
C x Ax 40 kN
Fy 0 Ay C y 30 kN 0
Ay C y 30 kN
• Ay and Cy can not be determined from
these equations
1- 7
Component Free-Body Diagram
• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
M B 0 Ay 0.8 m
Ay 0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y 30 kN
• Results:
A 40 kN C x 40 kN C y 30 kN
Reaction forces are directed along boom
and rod
1- 8
Method of Joints
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends
• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to
to an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions
• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static
equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:
B 0
F
FAB FBC 30 kN
4 5 3
FAB 40 kN FBC 50 kN
1- 9
Stress Analysis
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
• At any section through member BC, the
internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
dBC = 20 mm P 50 103 N
BC 159 MPa
A 314 10-6 m 2
• From the material properties for steel, the
allowable stress is
all 165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate
1- 10
Design
• Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
• For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum all= 100 MPa) What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
P P 50 103 N 6 2
all A 500 10 m
A all 100 106 Pa
d2
A
4
d
4A
4 500 10 6 m 2 2.52 10 2 m 25.2 mm
• An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is
adequate
1- 11
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
• The force intensity on that section is defined as
the normal stress.
F P
lim ave
A 0 A A
• The normal stress at a particular point may not be
equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P ave A dF dA
A
• The detailed distribution of stress is statically
indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.
1- 12
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The built-up shaft consists of a pipe AB
and solid rod [Link] pipe has an inner
diameter of 20 mm and outer diameter of
28 mm. The rod has a diameter of 12 mm.
Determine the average normal stress at
points D and E and represent the stress on a
volume element located at each of these
points.
1- 13
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
1- 14
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
Determine the average normal stress in
each of the 20-mm diameter bars of the
truss. Set P = 40 kN.
1- 15
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
1- 16
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The chandelier is suspended from the wall and
ceiling using rods AB and BC, which have
diameters of 3 mm and 4 mm, respectively. If the
average normal stress in both rods is not allowed
to exceed 150 Mpa determine the largest mass of
the chandelier that can be supported if ɵ = 45.
1- 17
Centric & Eccentric Loading
• A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.
• A uniform distribution of stress is only
possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.
• If a two-force member is eccentrically
loaded, then the resultant of the stress
distribution in a section must yield an axial
force and a moment.
• The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded
members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
1- 18
Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
ave
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
1- 19
Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear Double Shear
P F P F
ave ave
A A A 2A
1- 20
Shearing Stress Examples
• If the joint is subjected to an axial force
of P = 9 kN, determine the average
shear stress developed in each of the 6-
mm diameter bolts between the plates
and the members and along each of the
four shaded shear planes.
1- 21
Shearing Stress Examples
1- 22
Shearing Stress Examples
1- 23
Shearing Stress Examples
1- 24
Bearing Stress in Connections
• Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of
contact or bearing surfaces of
the members they connect.
• The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.
• Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,
P P
b
A td
1- 25
Shearing Stress Examples
• Consider the double shear bolted
connection at right. The upper and lower
plates have thickness of a = 10 mm. The
middle plate has thickness b = 15 mm.
The bolt has diameter d = 10 mm. The
system is subjected to a load of P = 5.0 kN
as shown at right.
• Required: (a) The Maximum Average
Bearing Stress in the bolt. (b) The Average
Shear Stress in the bolt.
1- 26
Shearing Stress Examples
1- 27
Shearing Stress Examples
1- 28
Stress Analysis & Design Example
• Would like to determine the
stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.
• From a statics analysis:
FAB = 40 kN
(compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
• Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection
1- 29
Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
• The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
• At the rod center, the average normal stress in the
circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is BC = +159
MPa.
• At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional
area occurs at the pin centerline,
A 20 mm 40 mm 25 mm 300 10 6 m 2
P 50 103 N
BC ,end 167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2
• The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40
kN and average normal stress of –26.7 MPa.
• The minimum area sections at the boom ends are
unstressed since the boom is in compression.
1- 30
Pin Shearing Stresses
• The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
2
2 25 mm 6 2
A r 49110 m
2
• The force on the pin at C is equal to the
force exerted by the rod BC,
P 50 103 N
C , ave 6 2
102 MPa
A 49110 m
• The pin at A is in double shear with a
total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
P 20 kN
A, ave 6 2
40.7 MPa
A 49110 m
1- 31
Pin Shearing Stresses
• Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,
PE 15 kN
FBC 50 kN PG 25 kN (largest)
• Evaluate the corresponding average
shearing stress,
PG 25 kN
B, ave 50.9 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2
1- 32
Pin Bearing Stresses
• To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,
we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b 53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm
• To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,
we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
P 40 kN
b 32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm
1- 33
Stress in Two Force Members
• Axial forces on a two force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
• Transverse forces on bolts and
pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.
• Will show that either axial or
transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect
to a plane other than one cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
1- 34
Stress on an Oblique Plane
• Pass a section through the member forming
an angle with the normal plane.
• From equilibrium conditions, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.
• Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
F P cos V P sin
• The average normal and shear stresses on
the oblique plane are
F P cos P
cos 2
A A0 A0
cos
V P sin P
sin cos
A A0 A0
cos
1- 35
Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P P
cos 2 sin cos
A0 A0
• The maximum normal stress occurs when the
reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
P
m 0
A0
• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at
+ 45o with respect to the axis,
P P
m sin 45 cos 45
A0 2 A0
1- 36
Stress Under General Loadings
• A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane passing
through Q
• The distribution of internal stress
components may be defined as,
F x
x lim
A 0 A
V yx Vzx
xy lim xz lim
A 0 A A 0 A
• For equilibrium, an equal and
opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.
1- 37
State of Stress
• Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
Fx Fy Fz 0
M x M y M z 0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
M z 0 xy Aa yx Aa
xy yx
similarly, yz zy and yz zy
• It follows that only 6 components of stress
are required to define the complete state of
stress
1- 38
Factor of Safety
Structural members or machines Factor of safety considerations:
must be designed such that the • uncertainty in material properties
working stresses are less than the • uncertainty of loadings
ultimate strength of the material. • uncertainty of analyses
• number of loading cycles
FS Factor of safety
• types of failure
ultimate stress
FS u • maintenance requirements and
all allowable stress
deterioration effects
• importance of member to integrity of
whole structure
• risk to life and property
• influence on machine function
1- 39
Faculty of
Engineering