Ch 3:Introduction to Data Communication
computer and Networking
Overview of Data Communication
• • Data communication involves the transfer of information using
electrical signals, optical fibers, or electromagnetic waves.
• • Modern technologies like email and the internet rely on
networking.
• Basic Elements:
• - Sender: Generates data (e.g., PC, phone).
• - Transmitter: Encodes data into signals.
• - Transmission System: Medium connecting source to destination.
• - Receiver: Converts signals back to data.
• - Destination: Receives the final data.
Data Transmission Modes
• Simplex: One-way communication (e.g., radio
broadcast).
• Half-Duplex: Two-way, but one direction at a
time (e.g., walkie-talkies).
• Full Duplex: Simultaneous two-way
communication (e.g., phone calls).
Types of Data Transmission
• • **Analog Transmission:** Continuous signals,
measured in volts and Hertz.
• • **Digital Transmission:** Discrete binary
signals (1s and 0s)
• Signal Conversion:
• Modulation: Digital to analog.
• Demodulation: Analog to digital.
• Modem: Handles modulation and
demodulation.
Synchronous vs Asynchronous Transmission
• Asynchronous: Sends data character-by-
character; cost-effective.
• Synchronous: Sends data in blocks; suitable for
high-speed communication.
Overview of Computer Networking
• Computer Network: Interconnection of devices to
share resources.
• Key Components:
• Server: Provides resources.
• Node: Accesses shared resources.
Benefits:
• - Resource sharing
• - Cost savings
• - Improved communication
Types of Networks
1. PAN: Covers small areas (e.g., personal
workspaces).
[Link]:Connects devices within a building (e.g.,
office).
3. CAN: Links nearby buildings (e.g., campuses).
4. MAN: Covers city-wide areas.
5. WAN: Spans large geographical areas.
Network Topologies
• Star: Central hub connects devices; easy
troubleshooting but hub-dependent.
• Bus: Devices share a single cable; cost-
effective but prone to faults.
• Ring: Devices form a circular path; efficient
but sensitive to breaks.
• Mesh: Every device connects to all others;
reliable but costly.
Media of Networks
1. Guided Media:
• - Twisted Pair: Economical but prone to
interference.
• Coaxial Cable: Better for longer distances.
• Optical Fiber: High capacity, minimal signal loss.
2. Unguided Media:
• - Radio Waves: Broadcasting.
• - Microwave: High-speed data.
• - Satellite: Wide area coverage.