DATABASE

MANAGEME
NT
 Components of Database
• Data Definition Language(DDL)

• Data Manipulation Language(DML)

• Software for controlled access of Database

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 Data Definition Language(DDL)
It allows the users to define the database, specify the data
types, data structures and the constraints on the data to be
stored in the database.

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 Data Manipulation Language(DML) and
Query Language
DML allows users to insert, update, delete and retrieve data
from the database. SQL provides general query facility.

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Software for controlled access of Database

This software provides the facility of controlled access of the

database by the users, concurrency control to allow shared
access of the database and a recovery control system to
restore the database in case of hardware or software failure.

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 TRADITIONAL FILE SYSTEM VERSUS
DATABASE SYSTEMS
• Each file is independent of other file, and data in different
files can be integrated only by writing individual program for
each application

• The data and the application programs that uses the data
are so arranged that any change to the data requires
modifying all the programs that uses the data.

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 TRADITIONAL FILE SYSTEM VERSUS
DATABASE SYSTEMS

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 Disadvantages of Traditional File System
• Data Redundancy: Since each application has its own data file, the same data
may have to be recorded and stored in many files. For example, personal file and
payroll file, both contain data on employee name, designation etc.

• Data Inconsistency: Data redundancy leads to data inconsistency especially

when data is to be updated. Data inconsistency occurs due to the same data items
that appear in more than one file do not get updated simultaneously in each and
every file. For example, an employee is promoted from Clerk to Superintendent
and the same is immediately updated in the payroll file may not necessarily be
updated in provident fund file.

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 Disadvantages of Traditional File System
• Lack of Data Integration : Since independent data file exists, users face difficulty
in getting information on any ad hoc query that requires accessing the data stored
in many files.

• Program Dependence : The reports produced by the file processing system are
program dependent, which means if any change in the format or structure of data
and records in the file is to be made, the programs have to modified
correspondingly.

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 Disadvantages of Traditional File System

• Data Dependence : The Applications/programs in file processing system are data

dependent i.e., the file organization, its physical location and retrieval from the
storage media are dictated by the requirements of the particular application.

• Limited Data Sharing : There is limited data sharing possibilities with the
traditional file system. Each application has its own private files and users have
little choice to share the data outside their own applications.

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 Disadvantages of Traditional File System
• Poor Data Control : There was no centralized control at the data element level,
hence a traditional file system is decentralized in nature.

• Problem of Security : It is very difficult to enforce security checks and access

rights in a traditional file system, since application programs are added in an ad
hoc manner.

• Data Manipulation Capability is Inadequate : The data manipulation capability is

very limited in traditional file systems since they do not provide strong relationships
between data in different files.

• Needs Excessive Programming : An excessive programming effort was needed

to develop a new application program due to very high interdependence between
program and data in a file system.

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Advantages of Database Systems (DBMS’s)
• Controlled redundancy : In a traditional file system, each application program has
its own data, which causes duplication of common data items in more than one file.

• Data consistency : The problem of updating multiple files in traditional file system
leads to inaccurate data as different files may contain different information of the
same data item at a given point of time. In database systems, this problem of
inconsistent data is automatically solved by controlling the redundancy.

• Program data independence : The traditional file systems are generally data
dependent, which implies that the data organization and access strategies are
dictated by the needs of the specific application and the application programs are
developed accordingly.

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Advantages of Database Systems (DBMS’s)
• Sharing of data : In database systems, the data is centrally controlled and can be
shared by all authorized users.

• Enforcement of standards : In database systems, data being stored at one

central place, standards can easily be enforced by the DBA.

• Improved data integrity : Data integrity means that the data contained in the
database is both accurate and consistent.

• Improved security : Database security means protecting the data contained in the
database from unauthorized users.

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Advantages of Database Systems (DBMS’s)
• Data access is efficient : The database system utilizes different sophisticated
techniques to access the stored data very efficiently.

• Conflicting requirements can be balanced : The DBA resolves the conflicting

requirements of various users and applications by knowing the overall
requirements of the organization

• Improved backup and recovery facility : Through its backup and recovery
subsystem, the database system provides the facilities for recovering from
hardware or software failures.

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Advantages of Database Systems (DBMS’s)
• Economical to scale : In database systems, the operational data of an
organization is stored in a central database.

• Increased programmer productivity : The database system provides many

standard functions that the programmer would generally have to write in file
system.

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 Disadvantages of Database Systems
(DBMS’s)
• Complexity increases : The data structure may become more complex because
of the centralized database supporting many applications in an organization. This
may lead to difficulties in its management and may require professionals for
management.

• Requirement of more disk space : The wide functionality and more complexity
increase the size of DBMS. Thus, it requires much more space to store and run
than the traditional file system.

• Additional cost of hardware : The cost of database system’s installation is much

more. It depends on environment and functionality, size of the hardware and
maintenance costs of hardware.

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 Disadvantages of Database Systems
(DBMS’s)
• Cost of conversion : The cost of conversion from old file-system to new database
system is very high. In some cases the cost of conversion is so high that the cost of
DBMS and extra hardware becomes insignificant.

• Need of additional and specialized manpower : Any organization having

database systems, need to be hire and train its manpower on regular basis to
design and implement databases and to provide database administration services.

• Need for backup and recovery : For a database system to be accurate and
available all times, a procedure is required to be developed and used for providing
backup copies to all its users when damage occurs.

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 Disadvantages of Database Systems
(DBMS’s)
• Organizational conflict : A centralized and shared database system requires a
consensus on data definitions and ownership as well as responsibilities for
accurate data maintenance.

• More installation and management cost : The big and complete database
systems are more costly. They require trained manpower to operate the system
and has additional annual maintenance and support costs.

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 DBMS Users

End Users or Naive Users

use the database system through a

menu-oriented application program,
where the type and range of response
is always displayed on the screen

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 DBMS Users

Online Users

these type of users communicate

with the database directly through
an online terminal or indirectly
through an application program
and user interface

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 DBMS Users

Application Programmers

These are the professional programmers or

software developers who develop the
application
programs or user interfaces for the naive and
online users. These programmers must have
the knowledge of programming languages such
as Assembly, C, C++, Java, or SQL, etc.,
since the application programs are written in
these languages.

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 DBMS Users

Database Administrator

Database Administrator (DBA) is a person who

have complete control over database of
any enterprise. DBA is responsible for overall
performance of database. He is free to take
decisions for database and provides technical
support.

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THANK
YOU