BELL WORK
1. Login in to Questar Test User:
a. Log out of Student User
b. Username: qai_asmnt
c. Hit ‘return’ on your keyboard twice
2. Go to the blackboard to get your user ID &
password
3. Complete the Questar test (there are only 5
Evolution & Classification
Mechanisms of Evolution
1. Natural selection
• The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive
and produce more offspring
2. Genetic drift
• The process in which allele frequencies of a population change over generations
due to chance. RANDOM
3. Mutations
• A change in an organism’s DNA; a source of genetic variation serving as raw
material for evolution to act. RANDOM
4. Nonrandom mating
• Occurs when the probability that two individuals in a population will mate is not the
same for all possible pairs of individuals
5. Gene flow
• Occurs when organisms move into (immigration) and out of (emigration) a population
changing the allele frequency within the population; also called migration
Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Mutations
Nonrandom Mating
Gene Flow
Speciation
• An effect of evolution in which a new species is
produced.
• Remember, a species is a group of organisms so
similar to one another that they can breed and
produce fertile offspring.
Types of
Evolution
• Divergent evolution:
occurs when one
species diverges into
multiple descendant
species.
• Convergent evolution
: occurs when species
have different ancestral
origins but have
developed similar
Comparative Anatomy
• Homologous Structures: body parts of organisms that
have the same structure, but different functions.
• Can indicate evolutionary relationships
• Analogous Structures: body parts of organisms that
have different structure, but the same functions
• Does not indicate shared ancestry
• Vestigial structures: body parts of organisms that do
not have a specific function; any structure that has
lost its specific use
Homologous Structures
Analogous Structures
Vestigial Structures
DNA Sequencing
• Comparing the DNA sequences of
organisms can show how closely or
distantly related two organisms are
• More similarities in DNA = More closely
related
• Less similarities in DNA = Less related
Example 1
• Which species is most
closely related to species
1? 3
• # of differences between 13 &2
=
1
• # of differences between 1&3
=
• # of differences between 1&4
Species 4
=
Classification
• Biologists use a
classification system to
name organisms and group
them in a logical manner.
• Taxonomy is the science of
classifying organisms and
assigning each a universally
accepted name.
Binomial Nomenclature
• Carl Linneaus was a Swedish scientist who
developed the naming system used today- Binomial
nomenclature.
• In this system, each species is assigned a two-part
scientific name in Latin- the genus and then the
species.
• The name is always italicized, and the genus is
always capitalized. Say
my
name
Genus species
Canis familiaris
Felis catus
Homo sapiens
Classification
• Linnaus also grouped organisms into categories (most
inclusive to least inclusive):
• Kingdom • King • Kids • Katy
• Phylum • Phillip • Prefer • Perry
• Class • Came • Candy • Calls
• Order • Over • Over • Outcast
• Family • For • Fried • For
• Genus • Good • Green • Great
• Species • Soup • Spinach • Songs
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Cladograms
• Derived
characteristics can be
used to construct a
cladogram, a
diagram that shows
the evolutionary
relationships among
a group of organisms.
• Shared derived
characteristics are
characteristics that 2
or more organisms
Dichotomous Keys
• A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the
user to determine the identity of items in the
natural world, such as trees, wildflowers,
mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish.
• They consist of a series of choices that lead
the user to the correct name of a given item.