Pure Substance:

Elements and
Compounds

Chapter 2
 Dmitry Mendeleev
• In 1869 a Russian chemist named
Dmitri Mendeleev organized
elemental info in the Periodic Table
• He organized the elements from
lightest to heaviest, and grouped
them according to their properties.
• Mendeleev worked with only 64
elements  there are 112 known
elements today.
[Link]
Diomg
 The Period Table
physical
• Mendeleev studied the __________
properties such as :
• Density, colour, melting point and
atomic mass of each element
• Mendeleev also studied _________
chemical
properties such as:
• How elements reacted with other
elements
• Element: substances that cannot be
broken down into any other
substance and contain only one kind
of atom
• Example: carbon or oxygen
 Atoms
• Atoms = smallest unit of matter and are composed of:
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons

Subatomic
Symbol Charge Location Mass
Particle
Proton p+ Positive Nucleus 1 a.m.u.
Neutron n Neutral Nucleus 1 a.m.u
a.m.u = atomic mass unit
Orbiting
around the
Electron e- Negative nucleus in No mass
electron
shells
Periodic Table Organization
 For Each Element
• The element key (each individual square on the periodic table)
includes:
• 1 or 2 letter Chemical Symbol  represents the name
• Atomic Number  tells us the # of protons
• Atomic Mass  tells us the # of protons and neutrons
• State of matter at room temperature (solid, liquid or gas)
• Columns (top to bottom) are called groups
• Elements in the same group will have similar chemical properties and react with
other elements in a similar way. There are 18 groups.
• Rows (left to right) are called periods
• The physical and chemical properties change as you move through a period
 Important Groups to Remember
• Group 1: Alkali Metals
• Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
• Highly reactive, solid metals at room temperature
• Group 2: Alkali Earth Metals
• Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
• Semi-reactive, solid metals at room temperature
• Group 17: Halogens
• F, Cl, Br, I, At
• Highly reactive gasses at room temperature
• Group 18: Nobel Gases
• He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
• They are all very stable and unlikely to react chemically with other elements.
 Organization
• The periodic table has a staircase that separates metals from non-metals.
• Metals on the left.
• Non-metals on the right.
• Metalloids have properties of metals and nonmetals and are found around
the staircase.
Recap on Period Table Organization
1. Lightest to heaviest from left to right and from top to bottom.
2. Columns are called Groups (run up and down)
3. Rows are called Periods (run sideways)
4. The further left, you find the metals
5. The further right, you find the non-metals
6. In between, you find the metalloids
Bohr Diagram Drawings
Bohr Diagram Drawings
Bohr Diagram Drawings
Bohr Diagram Drawings
Bohr Diagram Drawings
Bohr Diagram Drawings
 Metals vs. Non-Metals
Metals Non-metals
Luster - Bright Metallic Shine Dull or Various Colours
Malleable - Easily Shaped Brittle (breaks easily)
State of Matter - Solids at Room Solid or Gas (except Bromine)
Temperature (except Mercury)
Conductivity - Good Conductors of Heat Poor Conductors of Heat and Electricity
and Electricity
Examples: Examples:
- Calcium (Ca) - Carbon (C)
- Sodium (Na) - Nitrogen (N)
- Copper (Cu) - Oxygen (O)
- Iron (Fe) - Chlorine (Cl)
- Mercury (Hg) - Bromine (Br)
 Elements and Compounds
• Element  a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
substances and contains only one kind of atom
• Compound  a substance made up of two or more elements
chemically combined.
 Testing for Compounds
• Compounds are made up of two or more elements. Therefore they
can be broken apart into simpler substances (the individual
elements).
decomposition reaction
• This can be done through a process called a _____________________
• A decomposition reactions is any reactions where a compound is broken up
into its separate elements.
 IUPAC Naming
• Stands for International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry.
• Internationally established symbols for elements are recognized around the
world.
 Chemical Names and Formulas
Molecule: has more than one atom, but can be a compound or
element
• NaCl (salt) or O2 (oxygen)
Chemical Formula: Each subscript number describes the number of
atoms of the element symbol before it
 Molecules and Chemical Formulas
State Abbreviation Examples

solid (s) ice: H2O(s)

salt: NaCl(s)
liquid (l) water: H2O(l)
vinegar: CH3COOH(l)

gas (g) steam: H2O(g)

ozone: O3(g)