Definition of Civil Engineering

 Professional Engineering
 Deals with Design, Construction and

Maintenance of the physical and built

environment
 Residential, Commercial, Institutional and

Educational Buildings
 Roads,Bridges,Dams (Reservoirs),

Canals,Airports,Horbours,Sewage
systems,Pipelines,Structural components of
buildings, bridges and Railways
Subjects in Civil Engineering
1. Building Materials and Construction,
2. Concrete Technology,
3. Advanced Construction Technology,
4. Surveying.
 Advanced Surveying,
5. Transportation Engineering
 Highways([Link],Tunnels)
 Railways
 Airports& Horbours
 Subjects in Civil Engineering – Contd
6. Mechanics of Solids
7. Theory of Structures
8. Structural Engineering
9. Quantity Surveying(or)Estimating &Costing
10. Building Drawing
11. Structural Drawing &Detailing
12. Public Health Engg. & Irrigation Engg
Drawing
13. Construction Management with MIS
•Subjects in Civil Engineering– Contd-
•[Link] Engineering
•[Link](or) Fluid Mechanics
•[Link] MechanicS
•[Link] Subjects

Town Planning (or )Urban Planning

Irrigation Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering
Geology
Earthquake Engineering
Pre stressed Concrete
Marine Engineering
 Common topics in
Building Materials and
Construction &Concrete
Technology
Ingredients of Concrete
Cement
Aggregates ( Fine & Coarse)
Water
Special Material used in Concrete
Admixtures
Cement: Types
1. Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC)
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement(PPC)
3. Rapid Hardening Cement
4. Extra Rapid Hardening Cement
5. Low Heat Cement
6. Sulphates Resisting Cement
7. Quick Setting Cement
8. Blast Furnace Slag Cement
9. High Alumina Cement
10. White Cement
11. Colored cement
12. Air Entraining Cement
13. Expansive cement
 Ordinary Portland cement is the most widely
used type of cement, which is suitable for all
general concrete construction.
 Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)

This cement has a high resistance to various

chemical attacks on concrete compared with
ordinary Portland cement, and thus, it is widely
used. It is used in marine structures, sewage
works, sewage works, and for laying concrete
underwater, such as bridges, piers, dams, and
mass concrete works, etc.
 3. Rapid Hardening Cement
 Rapid hardening cement attains high
strength in the early days; it is used in
concrete where formworks are removed at an
early stage and are similar to ordinary
Portland cement (OPC). The strength of rapid
hardening cement at the three days is similar
to 7 days strength of OPC with the same
water-cement ratio. Thus, the advantage of
this cement is that formwork can be removed
earlier,
 Quick setting cement
 The difference between the quick setting

cement and rapid hardening cement is that

quick-setting cement sets earlier. At the
same time, the rate of gain of strength is
similar to Ordinary Portland Cement, while
quick hardening cement gains strength
quickly. Formworks in both cases can be
removed earlier.
 Quick setting cement is used where works is

to be completed in very short period and for

concreting in static or running water.
 Low heat cement is produced by
maintaining the percentage of tricalcium
aluminate below 6% by increasing the
proportion of C2S. A small quantity of
tricalcium aluminate makes the concrete to
produce low heat of hydration. Low heat
cement suitable for mass concrete
construction like gravity dams, as the low
heat of hydration, prevents the cracking of
concrete due to heat.
 This cement has increased power against

sulphates and is less reactive and initial

setting time is greater than OPC.
Sulphate resisting cement is used to reduce the
risk of sulphate attack on concrete and thus is used
in the construction of foundations where the soil has
high sulphate content. This cement has reduced the
contents of C3A and C4AF.
 Sulphate resisting cement is used in construction

exposed to severe sulphate action by water and soil

in places like canals linings, culverts, retaining walls,
siphons, etc.
 C3A---- Tricalcium Aluminates

 C4AF ---- Tetra calcium Alumina Ferrite

Blast furnace slag cement is obtained by grinding

the clinkers with about 60% slag and resembles
more or less in properties of Portland cement. It can
be used for works where economic considerations
are predominant.
 .
High alumina cement is obtained by melting
a mixture of bauxite and lime and grinding
with the clinker. It is a rapid hardening
cement with initial and final setting time of
about 3.5 and 5 hours, respectively.
 The compressive strength of this cement is

very high and more workable than ordinary

Portland cement .
 It is used in works where concrete is

subjected to high temperatures, frost, and

acidic action.
 White Cement
 It is prepared from raw materials free from Iron

oxide and is a type of ordinary Portland cement,

which is white. It is costlier and is used for
architectural purposes such as precast curtain wall
and facing panels, terrazzo surface, etc. and for
interior and exterior decorative work like external
renderings of buildings, facing slabs, floorings,
ornamental concrete products, paths of gardens,
swimming pools, etc.
Colored cement
 It is produced by mixing 5- 10% mineral pigments

with ordinary cement.

 They are widely used for decorative works on

floors.

 Air Entraining Cement
 Air entraining cement is produced by adding

indigenous air-entraining agents such as

resins, glues, sodium salts of sulphates, etc.
during the grinding of clinker.
 This type of cement is especially suited to

improve the workability with a smaller water-

cement ratio and to improve frost resistance of
concrete.
Expansive Cement
 Expansive cement expands slightly with time

and does not shrink during and after the time

of hardening.
 This cement is mainly used for grouting anchor

bolts and prestressed concrete ducts.

Hydrographic cement(or) Hydrophobic
cement
 Hydrographic cement is prepared by mixing

water-repelling chemicals and has high

workability and strength. It has the property
of repelling water and is unaffected during
monsoon or rains.
 Hydrophobic cement is mainly used for the

construction of water structures such as

dams, water tanks, spillways, water retaining
structures, etc.
Types of Tests on Cement to Check the
Quality
 Fineness Test.
 Consistency Test.
 Setting Time Test.
 Strength Test.
 Soundness Test.
 Heat of Hydration Test.
 Tensile Strength Test.
 Chemical Composition Test.
Aggregates are one of the important and essential
constitutes of concrete. Aggregate provides the
body to the concrete, reduces shrinkage, and affects
the economy. Aggregate makes concrete strong and
durable.
Generally, aggregate in concrete occupies around
70-80 percent of the volume of concrete, their
impact on various characteristics and
properties of concrete
Types of aggregates according to source.
 1. Natural Aggregates 2. Crushed Rock
Aggregates
 3. Artificial Aggregates 4. Recycled
Aggregates
Types of aggregatse according to unit weight
 1. Ultra-lightweight 2. LightweightGs < 2.4

[Link] weight2.4 < Gs < 2.8 4. Heavy

 Types of fine aggregates and their size
 1) stone dust - 0.5 mm to 5 mm
2) coarse sand - 0.5 to 2 mm
3) medium sand - 0.25 to 0.5 mm
4) fine sand - 0.06 to 0.25 mm
5) silt - 0.002 to 0.06 mm
6) clay – less than 0.002 mm
Types of coarse aggregate and their size
 1) fine gravel - 4 to 8 mm
2) medium gravel - 8 to 16 mm
3) coarse gravel - 16 to 64 mm
4) pebbles - 4 to 64 mm
5) cobbles - 64 to 256 mm
6) boulder – more than 256 mm
 Types of Tests on Aggregates
 Crushing test.
 Abrasion test.
 Impact test.
 Soundness test.
 Shape test.
 Specific gravity and water absorption
test.
 Bitumen adhesion test.
Water for Construction
 Water is one of the most important elements in

construction, The water is required for preparation

of mortar, mixing of cement concrete and for
curing work etc during construction work. The
quality and quantity of water has much effect on
the strength of mortar and cement concrete in
construction work.
Quality of Water
 The water used for mixing and curing should be

clean and free from injurious quantities of alkalis,

acid, oils, salt, sugar, organic materials, vegetable
growth and other substances that may be
deleterious to bricks, stone, concrete or steel.
Potable water is generally considered satisfactory
for mixing. The pH value of water should be not
less than 6.
 How to test water and what should be tested
It is recommended that the water is tested through a
certified lab. The water should confirm the standard
IS: 3025-1986.
 Limit of Acidity: To neutralize 200 ml sample of water,
use phenolphthalein as an indicator. It does not
require more than 2 ml 0.1 normal NAOH.
 Limit of Alkalinity: To neutralize 200 ml sample of
water, use methyl oil as an indicator, it does not
require more than 10 ml 0.1 normal HCL
 Limit of Solids
 Organic: 200 Mg per liter
 Inorganic: 3000. Mg per liter
 Sulphate: 400 mg per liter
 Chloride: 500 mg per liter for RCC work and 2000 mg
per liter for concrete not containing steel.
 Suspended matter: 2000 mg per liter
ADMIXTURES
 Admixture is artificial or natural materials

added to concrete, in addition to cement,

water, and aggregates, to improve certain
properties of concrete during casting, laying,
or the service stage.
 To improve the properties of the concrete

needed.
Categories
 Chemical
 Mineral
15 Types of concrete admixture
 Water Reducing Admixtures
 Retarding Admixtures
 Accelerating Admixtures
 Air Entraining Concrete Admixtures
 Pozzolanic Admixtures
 Damp-proofing Admixtures
 Gas forming Admixtures
 Alkali Aggregate Expansion inhibiting Admixtures
 Anti-washout Admixture
 Anti detraining Admixtures
 Grouting Admixtures
 Corrosion inhibiting Admixtures
 Bonding Admixtures
 Fungicidal, Germicidal, Insecticidal Admixtures
 Coloring Admixtures
Strength of concrete are of the following types:
 Compressive strength
 Tensile strength
 Flexural strength
 Shear strength
 Impermeability
 Segregation
 Bleeding
 Fatigue
 The stages of concrete production are:

 1. Batching or measureme nt of materials

 2. Mixing
 3. Transporting
 4. Placing
 5. Compacting
 6. Curing
 7. Finishing
 The stages of concrete production are:
1. Batching or measurement of materials
a) Volume Batching
b) Weigh Batching
2. Mixing
1. Hand Mixing
2. Machine Mixing
a) Tilting Mixers
b) Non-tilting Mixer
c) Reversing Drum Mixer
d) Pan-type or Stirring Mixer
e) Transit Mixer
3. Transporting
 a. Mortar Pan
 b. Wheel Barrow
 c. Chutes
 d. Dumper
 e. Bucket and Ropeway
 f. Belt conveyor
 g. Skip and Hoist
 h. Pumping
4. Placing
5. Compacting
6. Curing
7. Finishing
 Workability
 The strength of concrete of a given mix proportion is very
seriously affected by the degree of its compaction. It is
therefore vital that the consistency of the mix be such that
the concrete can be transported, placed and finished
sufficiently easily and without segregation. A concrete
satisfying these conditions is said to be workable.
 Factors affecting the workability of concrete are:
 Water Content
 Mix Proportions
 Size of Aggregates
 Shape of Aggregates
 Grading of Aggregates
 Surface Texture of Aggregates
 Use of Admixtures
 Use of Supplementary Cementitious Materials
 Time
 Temperature
 Different types of concrete are:
1. Normal Strength Concrete
2. Plain or Ordinary Concrete
3. Reinforced Concrete
4. Prestressed Concrete
5. Precast Concrete
6. Light – Weight Concrete
7. High-Density Concrete
8. Air Entrained Concrete
9. Ready Mix Concrete
10. Polymer Concrete
Polymer Impregnated Concrete
Polymer cement concrete
Partially Impregnated
 High-Strength Concrete
 High-Performance Concrete
 Self - Consolidated Concrete
 Shotcrete Concrete
 Pervious Concrete
 Vacuum Concrete
 Pumped Concrete
 Stamped Concrete
 Limecrete
 Asphalt Concrete
 Roller Compacted Concrete
 Rapid Strength Concrete
 Glass Concrete
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