DESCRIBING
MATTER
Pure substances can be
either: ELEMENTS or
COMPOUNDS
3 types of matter
1. ELEMENTS
2. COMPOUNDS
3. MIXTURES
- heterogenous
- homogenous (solutions)
ELEMENTS
- the simplest kind of matter
- cannot be broken down any
simpler and still have properties of
that element!
- composed of only one kind of
atom
ATOMS ARE THE SMALLEST
PARTICLE OR UNIT OF AN ELEMENT
THAT HAS THE PROPERTIES OF
THAT ELEMENT
COMPOUNDS
- Substances that can be broken
down only by chemical methods
- when broken down, the
pieces have completely different
properties than the original
compound.
- Made of 2 or more
atoms, chemically combined
(not just a physical blend)
What are the
different
classifications
of matter?
What allows a
mixture to be
separated into
its
components?
MELC: Describe
various separation
techniques such as
distillation,
chromatography
ACTIVITY TIME
Separation
Techniques
Components of mixtures can be
separated based on their
physical properties.
Identify the proper separation
technique which can be used in
separating the components of
mixtures with the following
characteristics:
Mechanical Separation -
Magnetic Separation
Filtration
Decanting:
Distillation
Evaporation
Density Separation
Centrifuge
Paper chromatography
Fractional
Crystallization
1. different states of matter
2. Magnetic
3. different densities
4. different boiling points
5. With different colors and
shapes
6. molecular attraction or
polarity
7. solubility limit
Methods of Mixture Separation
1) Mechanical Separation (often by hand)
takes advantage of physical properties
such as color and shape.
Example: Recycling Plastic, Paper, Metal
Methods of Mixture Separation
2) Magnetic Separation takes advantage of
the physical property of magnetism.
Example:
Separating Metals in
a Scrap Yard
Methods of Mixture Separation
3) Filtration takes
advantage of
the physical
property of the
state of
matter. A
screen lets the
liquid particles
through, but
traps the solid
particles. Example: Filtering Coffee, Spaghetti
A filter can
also be used
to separate
solid
particles of
different
sizes.
(ex. a window
screen, an air
filter, a sand
sieve)
Methods of Mixture Separation
4) Decanting:
To pour off a
liquid, leaving
another liquid
or solid behind.
Takes
advantage of
differences in
density.
Example: To decant a liquid from a precipitate
or water from rice.
Methods of Mixture Separation
5 ) Distillation:
The
separation of
a mixture of
liquids based
on the
physical
property of
boiling
point.
Example: the distillation of alcohol or oil
A distillation tower or “still” used in
crude oil refining
Methods of Mixture Separation
6) Evaporation:
Vaporizing a
liquid and
leaving the
dissolved
solid(s)
behind.
Used to
separate salt
solutions.
Example: Obtaining sea salt from sea water evaporation ponds
Methods of Mixture Separation
7) Density Separation:
More dense components
sink to the bottom and
less dense components
float. The components
cannot be soluble within
each other.
Methods of Mixture Separation
8) Centrifuge:
Circular
motion helps
denser
components
sink to the
bottom faster.
Examples: The separation of blood or DNA from blood
9) CHROMATOGRAPHY
Greek chroma (color)
graphein (to write)
“WRITING OF COLORS”
HISTORY
was first used by Russian scientist
Mikhail Tsvet in 1990, for
separation of plant pigments such
as chlorophyll, carotenes, and
xanthophylls (green, orange,
yellow)
USED FOR:
- separating mixtures of
compounds
- identifying unknown
compounds
- establishing the purity
of concentration of
compounds
Consists of MOBILE PHASE AND
STATIONARY PHASE.
The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called
the MOBILE PHASES, which carries through
a structure holding the material called the
STATIONARY PHASE.
The various constituents of the mixture
travel at different speeds, causing them to
separate. The separation is based on
differential partitioning between the mobile
and stationary phases.
APPLICATIONS:
- used for the separation of amino
acids, proteins and carbohydrates
- for the analysis of drugs,
hormones, vitamins
- analyze blood and urine sample
for drugs
- paint analysis
- testing for the presence of
explosives
Methods of Mixture Separation
Paper chromatography:
Uses the property of
molecular attraction
(molecular polarity) to
separate a mixture.
Different molecules
have varying molecular
attractions for the paper
(the stationary phase)
vs. the solvent (the
mobile phase)
Example: the separation of
plant pigments and dyes
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY:
A technique that involves placing a
small dot or line of sample solution
onto a strip of chromatography paper.
The paper is placed in a jar containing
a shallow layer of solvent and sealed.
As the solvent rises through the paper,
it meets the sample mixture, which
starts to travel up the paper with the
solvent.
•Is a measure of how far each
spot has moved relative to
the solvent front.
Methods of Mixture Separation
10) Fractional
Crystallization:
Dissolved
substances
crystallize out of a
solution once their
solubility limit is
reached as
the solution cools.
Examples: Growing Rock Candy or the Crystallization of a
Magma Chamber
Mechanical Separation - With different
colors and shapes
Magnetic Separation – magnetic property
Filtration - different states of matter
Decanting - different states of matter
Distillation - different boiling points
Evaporation - different boiling points
Density Separation - different densities
Centrifuge - different densities
Paper chromatography - molecular
attraction or polarity
Fractional
Crystallization - solubility limit
EVALUATION:
Propose a method or
series of methods to
separate the
components of the
following mixtures.
1. SEAWATER
2. GOLD NUGGETS IN
WATER
3.
Alcohol
solution
4. vinegar
5. Loose tea leaves
in tea
6. Copper sulfate
solution
7. Sand in sea water
8. A mixture of nuts,
fruits, grains
9. Food colourings
10. Magnetic sand