MATERIAL
SCIENCE.
BY GROUP 3.
Members.
Gloria Chebet
Debra letodo
Alwyn Koech – Presenter
Fred Mburu
Francis Njogu
Benedict Gona
Rooney Okuta
David Kiiru
Victor Kiptoo
Main primary classifications of solid materials
• There three main primary classifications of solid materials .
• They include :
Metals
Distinctive Chemical Feature: Metals have a high number of free electrons,
which
allow them to conduct electricity and heat. They also tend to form metallic
bonds
where electrons are shared in a "sea" around positively charged metal ions.
Example: iron
Polymers
Distinctive Chemical Feature: Polymers consist of
long chains of repeating molecular units
(monomers) that are covalently bonded.
They often have lower melting points compared to
metals and are characterized by their flexibility and
ability to form various shapes. Example:
Polyethylene (C₂H₄)n
Ceramics
Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials that are
typically made from compounds of metals and
nonmetals, such as oxides, nitrides, and carbides.
Distinctive Chemical Feature: They are usually hard, brittle, and
resistant to heat and corrosion due to ionic and
covalent bonding.
Example: Alumina (Al₂O₃)
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
• A composite material is made by combining two or more different materials to
achieve properties that are superior to those of the individual components.
• The materials in a composite retain their distinct physical and chemical
characteristics.
Examples:
Reinforced Concrete – Concrete combined with steel reinforcement bars
(rebar) to improve tensile strength.
Fiberglass – A combination of glass fibers and resin that provides
strength, lightness
DEFINITIONS
ATOMS -Basic unit of matter
ELEMENT – Consists of only one type of atom
MOLECULE –Atoms which tend to exit together to form a stable
configuiration,they maybe monoatomic, diatomic , triatomic and
polyatomic
• Atomic Structure: The arrangement of protons, neutrons, and
electrons within an atom.
• Nucleus: The central core of an atom, containing protons (positively
charged) and neutrons (neutral).
• Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different
numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses.
• Bonding: The forces that hold atoms together in
molecules and solids.
Types of bonding include:
Ionic bonding: Transfer of electrons between atoms.
Covalent bonding: Sharing of electron pairs between
atoms. Metallic bonding: Delocalized electrons shared
among many atoms