ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

 Components of LT Switchgear: Switch Fuse Unit (SFU),

MCB, ELCB, MCCB,
 Types of Wires and Cables
 Earthing, Electrical Shock and its Typical effects - first aid
 Types of Batteries, Important Characteristics for
Batteries.
 Elementary calculations for energy consumption, power
factor improvement and battery backup.
 Components of LT switch gear
 The apparatus used for switching, controlling and
protecting the electrical circuits and equipment is known
as switchgear.
 The term ‘switchgear’ is a generic term encompassing a wide
range of products like circuit breakers, switches, switch fuse
units, off- load isolators, HRC fuses, contactors, earth leakage
circuit breakers (ELCBs), etc...
 It also includes the combination of these switching devices
with associated control, measuring, protecting and regulating
equipment.
 The switchgear devices and their assemblies are used in
connection with the generation, transmission, distribution,
and conversion of electrical energy.
 Function of a
Switchgear
 Switchgear has to perform the functions of carrying, making and
breaking the normal load current like a switch.
 In addition, it has to perform the function of clearing the fault
current for which sensing devices like current transformers,
potential transformers and various types of relays, depending on
the application, are employed.
 There also has to be provision for metering, controlling and data,
wherein innumerable devices are used for achieving the
switching function.
 Thus switchgear can include circuit breaker, current transformers,
potential transformers, protective relays, measuring instruments,
switches, fuses, MCBs, surge arrestors, isolators, and various
 Components of
Switchgear
 Switchgear essentially consists of
devices such as switches, fuses,
switching and protecting
isolators, circuit breakers,
protective relays, control panels, lightning arrestors,
current transformers, potential transformers,
auto reclosures, and various associated equipment.
Essential Features of
Switchgear
The essential features of switchgear are :

[Link] Reliability

[Link] certain discrimination

[Link] operation

[Link] for manual control

SWITCH FUSE UNIT (SFU)

• It is Switched Fuse Unit. It has one switch unit and one fuse unit.
When we operate the breaker, the contacts will get close through
switch and then the supply will passes through the fuse unit to the
output.

• Whereas in Fuse Switch Unit there is no separate switch and fuse

unit. There is only fuse unit which act itself as a switch. When we
operate the fuse unit will close the input and output of the
breaker.
What is a Fuse
• Fuse is an electrical safety device, which protects the circuit from overload.

• Its working principle is based on the heating effect of the current.

• Fuses are always connected in series with the circuit. Whenever there is an
overload in the circuit, this high current melts the element in the fuse and
opens the circuit by disconnecting the power supply and thus the circuit is
protected from being damaged.

• Circuit current should be only 75% of the fuse current rating.

Fuse Connected in Series with the

Rewireable or Kit-Kat fuse
Cartridge Fuse

Cartridge fuses are cylindrical in shape and have contact points at

each end. They are rated for circuits over 30 amps and typically 240
volts
Miniature Circuit Breaker(MCB)

• A miniature circuit breaker automatically switches off electrical

circuit during abnormal condition of the network means in over
load condition as well as faulty condition.

• Nowadays we use an MCB in low voltage electrical network

instead of fuse. The fuse may not sense it but the miniature
circuit breaker does it in a more reliable way. MCB is much more
sensitive to over current than fuse.
Miniature Circuit Breaker(MCB)

An MCB is an electromagnetic device that embodies complete

enclosure in a molded insulating material. This provides mechanically
strong and insulated housing.

The main function of an MCB is to switch the circuit OFF, automatically

when the current passing through it (MCB) exceeds the value for which
it is set. It can be manually switched ON and OFF as similar to normal
switch if necessary.

Generally, an MCB is not repaired or maintained, it just replaced by a

new one when required.

The switching system consists of a fixed and a moving contact to which

incoming and outgoing wires are connected. The metal or current
carrying parts are made up of electrolytic copper or silver alloy
depending on the rating of the circuit breaker.
MCBs are manufactured in different pole versions such as single,
double, triple and four pole structures with different fault current
levels.
MCBs are classified into three major types according to their instantaneous tripping
currents. They are

Type B MCB

This type of MCB will trip instantly at a rate of three to five times its rated
current. These are normally used for resistive or small inductive loads where
switching surges are very small. Therefore, these are suitable for residential or light
commercial installations.

Type C MCB

This type of MCB will trip instantly at a rate of five to ten times its rated
current. These are normally used for high inductive loads where switching surges are
high such as small motors and florescent lighting. These are suitable for highly
inductive commercial and industrial installations.
Type D MCB

This type of MCB will trip instantly at a rate of ten to twenty five times its
rated current. These are normally used for very high inductive loads where high
inrush current are very frequent. Applications include x-ray machines, UPS systems,
industrial welding equipment, large winding motors, etc.

Ir is the rated current of the MCB

Working Principle Miniature Circuit Breaker

• There is two arrangement of operation of a miniature circuit breaker. One due to

the thermal effect of over current and other due to electromagnetic effect of over
current.

• The thermal operation of the miniature circuit breaker is achieved with a bimetallic
strip whenever continuous overcurrent flows through MCB, the bimetallic strip is
heated and deflects by bending.

• This deflection of the bimetallic strip releases a mechanical latch. As this

mechanical latch is attached to the operating mechanism, it causes to open the
miniature circuit breaker contacts.

• In case of short circuits or heavy overloads, strong magnetic field produced by the
coils is sufficient to attract the armature of trip liver irrespective of the position of
slug in the dashpot.

• This causes electromechanical displacement of plunger associated with tripping coil

or solenoid of MCB. The plunger strikes the trip lever causing the immediate
release of the latch mechanism consequently open the circuit breaker contacts.
Operating Mechanism of Miniature Circuit Breaker

• The operating mechanism of a miniature circuit breaker provides the

means of manual opening and closing operation of a miniature
circuit breaker. It has three-positions “ON,” “OFF,” and “TRIPPED”.
• The external switching latch can be in the “TRIPPED” position if the
MCB is tripped due to over-current.
• When manually switch off the MCB, the switching latch will be in the
“OFF” position. In the closed condition of an MCB, the switch is
positioned at “ON”.

Trip Unit of Miniature Circuit Breaker

The trip unit provide two trip mechanisms in MCB. A bimetal provides
protection against overload current and an electromagnet provides
protection against short-circuit current.
The electric current-carrying path of a MCB : Left-hand side power terminal – then
bimetallic strip – then-current coil or trip coil – then moving contact – then fixed
contact and – lastly right had side power terminal. All are arranged in series.
Operation of Miniature Circuit Breaker

• There are three mechanisms provided in a single miniature circuit

breaker to make it switched off. If we carefully observe the picture
beside, we will find there is mainly one bimetallic strip, one trip coil
and one-hand operated on-off lever.

• If the circuit is overloaded for a long time, the bimetallic strip

becomes overheated and deformed. This deformation of bimetallic
strip causes, displacement of latch point. The moving contact of the
MCB is so arranged by means of spring pressure, with this latch point,
that a little displacement of latch causes,release of spring and makes
the moving contact to move for opening the MCB.

• During short circuit fault the MMF of that Current or trip coil causes
its plunger to hit the same latch point and make the latch to be
displaced. Hence the MCB will open in the same manner.
ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)
The main purpose of the ELCB is to detect earth leakages and protect
personal safety from electrical shocks and fires that are caused by
short circuits.

Types
ELCBs are two types.

Voltage Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (Voltage ELCB).

Current Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (Current ELCB).
 Voltage Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (Voltage ELCB).

The ELCB detects fault currents from phase to the earth (ground)
wire around an installation it protects. If sufficient voltage appears
across the sense coil of the ELCB, power will get turned off, and
remain in the same state till the circuit breaker is manually reset.
Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) or Current Earth
Leakage Circuit Breaker (Current ELCB).
Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)
• Molded Case Circuit Breaker is an electromechanical device which
protects a circuit from overcurrent and short circuit.

• Molded case circuit breakers are a type of electrical protection

device that is commonly used when load currents exceed the
capabilities of miniature circuit breakers. They are also used in
applications of any current rating that require adjustable trip
settings, which are not available in plug-in circuit breakers and
MCBs.

• It provides overcurrent and short circuit protection for circuits

ranging from 63 Amps up to 3000 Amps.
• The primary function of an MCCB is to provide a means to manually
open a circuit and automatically open a circuit under overload or
short circuit conditions. The overcurrent, in an electrical circuit,
may result from short circuit, overload or faulty design.
A Molded case circuit breaker generally have
• A thermal element for overcurrent and
• A magnetic element for short circuit release which has to
operate faster.
 CONDUCTOR MATERIALS
• High Electrical Conductivity
• Low specific resistance leading to less resistance and
high conductivity
• High Tensile Strength to withstand Mechanical stresses
• Low Cost in order to use long distances
• Low Specific Gravity in order to give low weight per
unit volume
• Easy Availability
• Not so brittle
 COMMONLY USED CONDUCTOR
MATERIALS
• Copper
• Aluminum
• Steel-Cored Aluminum
• Galvanized Steel
• Cadmium Copper
 COPPER
• High Electrical Conductivity
 Low resistance = 16.78 nΩ•m at
20 °C
 High Current Density
• Greater Tensile Strength
• Small Cross Section Area
 Low wind resistance → less
transverse load in tower
• Expensive
• Durable, high scrap value
• Scarcity
• High cost
 ALUMINUM
• Cheap and light compare to copper
• Less electrical conductivity and tensile
strength
 Conductance = 60% that of copper for
same cross section
 For same resistance areaAl = 1.26 areaCu
• Specific gravity of aluminum is less than
copper.
 Less weight on supports
 generate greater swings hence large cross
arms required
• Low melting point → cannot withstand short-
circuit currents
• Used for low voltage distribution lines
STEEL CORED ALUMINUM
ASCR(Aluminum Conductor
Steel Reinforced)
• Core of galvanized steel, aluminum conductors it outer layers
• Cross section ratio steel : Al is 1:6 (1:4 for high tensile strength)
• Increase tensile strength
 less sag
 greater span
 lesser tower height
• Universally used in
transmission and
distribution
 GALVANIZED STEEL

• High tensile strength → greater span

• Low conductivity → greater cross sectional area
• Eddy current and hysteresis loss
• Used in small power, small distance system where required
cross section is very low for ACSR or Copper
 CADMIUM
COPPER
• Cadmium and Copper alloy
• 1-2% cadmium is added to copper → increase
tensile strength by 50%
• Long span is possible
• Expensive
• Used in small power where cross section required is
small
INTRODUCTION TO WIRES

There are mainly 6 types of wires are there.

• Vulcanised Indian Rubber wire (V.I.R)

• Tough Rubber Sheathed wire (T.R.S)
• Poly Vinyl Chloride wire (P.V.C.)
• Lead alloy sheathed wire
• Weather proof wires
• Flexible wire
 Properties of Insulating
• Material
High resistivity.
• High dielectric strength.
• Low thermal co-efficient.
• Low water absorption.
• Low permittivity.
• Non – inflammable.
• Chemical stability(not affected by acids or alkalis).
• High mechanical strength.
• Low viscosity at impregnation(working) temperature.
• Capability to with stand high rupturing voltage.
• High tensile strength and plasticity.
Electric Properties of cable: Chemical Properties:

• Dielectric strength • Moisture absorption

• Insulation resistance • Resistance to oil, gas, acids
• Arc resistance and alkalis
• Stability when exposed to
Mechanical Properties: sunlight, ozone, or flames

• Toughness and flexibility Thermal Properties:

• Tensile, elongation and
crushing strengths • Expansion and contraction
• Resistance to moisture • Softening and flow
• Brittleness temperature
• Compatibility with operating,
ambient, or emergency
overload and short circuit
condition
 Types of
Cable
1. Single core Cable

2. 2 core Cable

3. 3 Core Cable

4. 3.5 core Cable

5. 4 Core Cable

6. Armoured Cable

7. Unarmoured Cable
Single Core 2 Core Cable
Cables
• A single core cable consists of
• In 2 Core cable, one
stranded conductors twisted
conductor acts as a face and
together and housed in a PVC another acts as natural
covering. conductors, both the
conductors have equal cross
• It comes as a 6 mm sq. single sectional area.
core, colour coded green and • It is used in telephone
yellow, and is used for
supplementary earth bonding.
service and to connect
computer devices
 3 Core
Cable
• In 3 Core cable all the conductors have equal cross
sectional area. 3 strands carry R,Y & B phase respectively
• It is used as a Neutral wire.
 3.5 Core Cable
• 3conductors are having the same cross sectional area &
are used for 3 different phase. Therefore this conductor
is treated as half conductor and hence the name is 3.5
core cable.
• It is used to carry the Neutral Current.
 4 Core Cable
• In case of unbalanced load some neutral current exists.
Therefore in some cases 4 core cable is proffered.
• It is used for lighting, load distribution & applications
where unbalanced loading conditions occur frequently.
Armoured Unarmoured Cables
Cables
• It consists of one or two layers • Constructions of unarmoured cables
of galvanized steel wire or steel are same as that armoured cables
tap. expect that Unarmoured cables are
not provided with armouring.
• It is used protection against
mechanical injury. • Unarmoured cables also consists of
all parts such as insulation metallic
sheath, bedding & serving.
TYPES OF CABLES
Coaxial Cable:
Coaxial cable is made up of a copper conductor surrounded by a layer
of flexible insulation.

The center conductor can also be made of tin plated aluminum cable.

Over this insulating material is a woven copper braid or metallic foil

that acts as the second wire in the circuit and as a shield for the inner
conductor.

This shield also reduces the amount of outside electromagnetic

interference.

Cable television uses coaxial cable.

Shielded Twisted Pair :

STP cable uses cancellation, shielding, and twisted wires.

Shielded twisted-pair cables allow for more cancellation of electrical

interference than the unshielded twisted-pair cables.

Each pair of wires is wrapped in metallic foil and those four pairs of
wires are wrapped in an overall metallic foil.
Unshielded Twisted Pair :

UTP is a four-pair wire. Each of the eight copper wires in the UTP
cable is covered by insulating material.

In addition, each pair of wires is twisted around each other.

This type of cable works on the cancellation effect produced by the

twisted wire pairs to limit attenuation caused by electromagnetic
interference and radio frequency interference.
GAS PRESSURE CABLE Advantages :
• These can carry 1.5 times of the
• An inert gas like N at high normal load current.
pressure is introduced lead • Maintenance cost is small.
sheath and dielectric. • No reservoirs or tanks required.
• Gas like SF6 is also used in • Power factor is improved.
cables. • Ionization and possible void
• Pressure is about 12-15 completely eliminated.
atmosphere.
• Working power factors is also Disadvantages :
high The only disadvantage is that the
initial cost is extremely high.
OIL FILLED CABLES

In case of oil filled cables, the channels or ducts are provided within
or adjacent to the cores, through which oil under pressure is
circulated.
It consists of concentric standard conductor but built around a hallow
cylindrical steel spiral core, which acts as a channel for oil.
Advantages :

• Thickness of insulation required is less.

• Thermal resistance is less.
• Possibility of voids is completely eliminated.
• Temperature range is high.
• Perfect impregnation is possible.

Disadvantages :

• Initial cost is very high.

• Long lengths are not possible.
• Oil leakage is serious problem.
• Complicated maintenance.
Low Tension Cables (L.T. Cables)
BELTED CABLES.

• These cables are used for the voltage level up to 11 kV.

• The cores are not in circular shape.
• The cores are insulated from each other by use of impregnated
paper.
• The gaps are filled with fibrous material like jute.
• The belt is covered with lead sheath.
SCREENED TYPE CABLES.

These cables are used for the voltage levels of 22 kV.

The two types of screened cables are:

• H-Type cables.
• S.L. Type cables.
S.L. Cables.

• S.L. leads for Separate Lead Screened Cables.

• Each lead is insulated with an impregnated paper than covered
by separate sheath lead.
H-Type cables.

• Designed by M. Hochstetler and hence named H-type cable.

• No paper belt in this type of cable.
• Each conductor is insulated with a paper, covered with a
metallic screen.
TELEPHONE CABLE

• It used in telephones.
• It consists of a thin copper conductor surrounded by insulation.
• One telephone cable contains three to four of these conductors
Construction of
Cables

8
 Construction of Cables
Core or Conductor
 A cable may have one or more than one core depending upon the
type of service(1-Ph or 3-Ph) for which it is intended.
 The conductor could be of aluminum or copper and is stranded in
order to provide flexibility to the cable.
Insulation
 The core is provided with suitable thickness of insulation, depending
upon the voltage to be withstood by the cable.
 The commonly used material for insulation are impregnated paper,
varnished cambric or rubber mineral compound(vulcanized bitumen,
PVC, cross-linked polyethylene(XLPE)).
9
 Construction of
Cables
Metallic or Lead Sheath
A metallic sheath of lead or aluminum is provided over the
insulation to protect the cable from moisture, gases or others
damaging liquids in the [Link] also protects the insulation from
mechanical damage.
 Lead or lead alloy is generally used.
 AL has high mech strength, low weight and cost when
compared to lead sheath.
Bedding
Bedding is provided to protect the metallic sheath from corrosion
and from mechanical damage due to armouring. It is a fibrous
10
material like jute or hessian tape.
 Construction of
Armouring
Cables
 Its purpose is to protect the cable from mechanical injury while
laying it or during the course of handling.
 It consists of one or two layers of galvanized steel wire or two
layers of steel tape.

Serving
 To protect armouring from atmospheric conditions.
 A layer of fibrous material is used over the armouring which is
same as bedding. This is called serving.
11
 Insulating Materials for
• Cables
Rubber
It can be obtained from milky sap of
tropical trees or from oil products.
It has the dielectric strength of 30 KV/mm.
Insulation resistivity of 10 exp 17 [Link]
Relative permittivity varying between 2 and 3.
They readily absorbs moisture, soft and liable to
damage due to rough handling and ages when exposed
to light.
Maximum safe temperature is very low about 38 C
 Insulating Materials for
• Cables
Impregnated Paper
 This material has superseded the rubber, consists of chemically
pulped
paper impregnated with napthenic and paraffinic materials.
 It has low cost, low capacitance, high dielectric strength and
high insulation resistance.
 The only disadvantage is the paper is hygroscopic, for this
reason
paper insulation is always provided protective covering.
• Varnished Cambric
 This is simply the cotton cloth impregnated and coated with
varnish.
 As the varnish cambric is also hygroscopic so need some
protection.
 Its dielectric strength is about 4KV / mm and permittivity is
 Insulating Materials for
• Cables
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
 This material has good dielectric strength, high insulation
resistance and high
melting temperatures.
 These have not so good mechanical properties as those of rubber.
 It is inert to oxygen and almost inert to many alkalis and acids.
• XLPE Cables (Cross Linked Poly-ethene)
 This material has temperature range beyond 250 – 300 C
 This material gives good insulating properties
 It is light in weight, small overall dimensions, low dielectric
constant and high mechanical strength, low water absorption.
 These cables permit conductor temperature of 90 C and 250 C
under normal and short circuit conditions.
 These cables are suitable up to voltages of 33 KV.
 Insulating Materials for
CablesIndia Rubber
• Vulcanized
It can be obtained from mixing pure rubber with mineral

compounds i-e zinc oxide, red lead and sulphur and heated

upto 150 C.

It has greater mechanical strength, durability and wear

resistant property.

The sulphur reacts quickly with copper so tinned copper

conductors are used.

It is suitable for low and moderate voltage cables. 19

GUTTA PERCHA:
• Similar to rubber.
• Used for low voltage distribution purposes
• it becomes brittle in air and is generally used for submarine cables
for insulating telephone and telegraph lines.
Silk and Cotton:
• Insulation materials are used for low voltage purposes.
• Insulated wires are used for instrument and motor winding.
Enamel Insulation:
• Enamel wires are used for instrument and motor winding.
• Cheaper than silk or cotton insulated wires.
 Electric shock
 An electric shock happens when an electric current passes
through your body.
 This can burn both internal and external tissue and cause organ
damage.
First Aid:
If you receive an electric shock
 Let go of the electric source as soon as you can.
 If you can, call 911 or local emergency services. If you can’t, ask for
someone else around you to call.
 If the shock feels minor ,See a doctor as soon as you can, even if you
don’t have any noticeable symptoms. Remember, some internal injuries
are hard to detect at first.
 In the meantime, cover any burns with sterile gauze(శుభ్రమైన
గాజుగుడ్డ). Don’t use adhesive bandages or anything else that might
stick to the burn.
If someone else has been shocked
 Don’t touch someone who has been shocked if they’re still in contact
with the source of electricity.
 Turn off the flow of electricity if possible.
 Stay at least 20 feet away if they’ve been shocked by high-voltage power
lines that are still on.
 Electrical Earthing
Definition: The process of transferring the immediate discharge of
the electrical energy directly to the earth by the help of the low
resistance wire is known as the electrical earthing.
 The electrical earthing is done by connecting the non-current
carrying part of the equipment or neutral of supply system to the
ground.
 Mostly, the galvanized iron is used for the earthing.
 The earthing provides the simple path to the leakage current.
 The short circuit current of the equipment passes to the earth
which has zero potential.
 Thus, protects the system and equipment from damage.
Earthing is an important component of electrical systems
because of the following reasons:
•It keeps people safe by preventing electric shocks
•It prevents damage to electrical appliances and devices by
preventing excessive current from running through the circuit
•It prevents the risk of fire that could otherwise be caused by
current leakage
 Importance of earthing:
 An electrical equipment or appliance is said to be earthed, if
its outer frame and its other parts not carrying any current are
connected to the earth so as to attain as nearly zero potential
as possible.
 In practice, all equipments and machinery, as well as electric
poles, towers, neutral wires, etc, are earthed.
 The purpose of earthing is to ensure that all parts of the
system other than live parts are maintained at the earth
potential at all times.
 Objective of Earthing:
1. The main objective of earthing is to provide safety of operation.
2. Another objective of the earthing, though not widely used nowadays, is to save
conducting material.
3. It also helps in protecting high-rise buildings from atmospheric lightening. A
fork metal rod or thick wire, called the lightening conductor, sticks out from the
top of the building, chimney, tower, etc. its other end buried deep into the
ground. Whenever lightening occurs, the electricity passes directly from the top
of lightening conductor to the earth, thereby protecting the building from any
damage.
Necessity of Earthing:
1. To protect the operating personnel from danger of shock in case they come in contact
with the charged frame due to defective insulation.
2. To maintain the line voltage constant under unbalanced load condition.
3. Protection of the equipment's
4. Protection of large buildings and all machines fed from overhead lines against lightning
 qualities of a good Earthing
1. Must be of low electrical resistance
2. Must be of good corrosion resistance
3. Must be able to dissipate high fault current repeatedly
Methods of Earthing
Earthing mat :
 Earthing mat is made by joining the number of rods through
copper conductors.
 It reduced the overall grounding resistance.
 Such type of system helps in limiting the ground potential.
 Earthing mat is mostly used in a placed where the large fault
current is to be experienced.
Earthing Electrode

In this type of earthing any wire, rod,

pipe, plate or a bundle of
conductors, inserted in the ground
horizontally or vertically.

In distributing systems, the earth

electrode may consist of a rod,
about 1 meter in length and driven
vertically into the ground.

In generating substations, grounding

mat is used rather than individual
rods.
Pipe Earthing

This is the most common and best system of earthing as compared to

other systems . In this method the galvanized steel and perforated pipe
of approved length and diameter in place upright in a permanently wet
soil. The size of the pipe depends upon the current to be carried and
type of soil.

Normally, the size of the pipe uses for earthing is of diameter 40 mm

and 2.5 meters in length for ordinary soil or of greater length in case of
dry and rocky soil. The depth at which the pipe must be buried depends
on the moistures of the ground.

The pipe is placed at 3.75 meters. The bottom of the pipe is surrounded
by small pieces of coke or charcoal at a distance of about 15 cm.
Alternate layers of coke and salt are used to increase the effective area
of the earth and to decrease the earth resistance respectively.
Another pipe of 19 mm diameter and minimum length 1.25 meters is
connected at the top of GI pipe through reducing socket.

During summer the moisture in the soil decreases, which causes an

increase in earth resistance so, 3 or 4 buckets of water are put
through the funnel connected to 19 mm diameter pipe, which is
further connected to GI pipe.
Plate Earthing
 In this method a copper plate of 60cm x 60cm x 3.18cm or a GI plate of the size
60cm x 60cm x 6.35cm is used for earthing.
 The plate is placed vertically down inside the ground at a depth of 3m and is
embedded in alternate layers of coal and salt for a thickness of 15 cm.
 In addition, water is poured for keeping the earth electrode resistance value
well below a maximum of 5 ohms.
 The earth wire is securely bolted to the earth plate. A cement masonry chamber
is built with a cast iron cover for easy regular maintenance.
Earthing Through Water Mains
Basis For Comparison Grounding Earthing
Definition The current carrying part is The body of the equipment is
connected to ground. connected to ground.
Location Between the neutral of the Between the equipment body
equipment and ground and earth pit which is placed
under the earth surface.
Symbol
Protection Protect the power system Protect the human from electric
equipment. shock.
Application Provide the return path to the It discharges the electrical energy
current. to the earth.
Types Three (Solid, Resistance and Five (Pipe, Plate, Rod earthing,
Reactance grounding) earthing through tap and strip
earthing)
Color of wire Black Green
Use For balancing the unbalance load. For avoiding the electrical shock.

Examples Neutral of generator and power The enclosure of the T/F,

transformer is connected to ground. generator, motor etc. are
connected to the earth.
What about devices that use more electricity?
•For refrigerator, for instance, runs 24 hours a day. Most
refrigerators consume anywhere between 300 to 780 watts of
electricity. Let’s say your model only uses 300 watts.
 300 watts X 24 hours = 7,200 watt-hours per day
 7,200 watt-hours per day / 1000 = 7.2 kWh per day
 7.2 kWh per day X 30 days = 216 kWh per month
 216 kWh per month x ₹3 per kWh = 648 per month