CSCE 1015: Computing Tools and Techniques Laboratory
Networking
Dr. Jacob Hochstetler
Networking Terms
What we will cover:
• Protocol
• HTTP
• Request/Response
• API
• IP Address
• Packets
• Client / Server v. Peer-to-peer
Protocol
• International Protocol
• Keeps different countries with different languages and expectations from stepping on each other’s
toes
• Computer Protocol
• Different computers
• Apple uses the ‘Apple silicon’, ARM architecture, Reduced instruction set computer (RISC)
• Microsoft uses Intel, complex instruction set computers (CISC).
Protocol
• Different data representations, different different sizes of data types
• 16 bit - 32 bit v 64 bit
• 0000000000000001
• 00000000000000000000000000000001
• 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
• All of the above = 1
• Which ‘end’ holds the littlest bit
• Little Endian v big endian
• EBCDIC a-z x81-x89, x91-x99, xa2-xa9
• Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
• ASCII a-z x61 – x7a
• American Standard Code for Information Interchange
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol
• Client (browser) makes a request
• VERBs
• Get request a page from a server
• Post create a new record
• Put make a change
• Delete …
• And the server sends a response
• How did the request go?
• Informational responses (100 – 199)
• Successful responses (200 – 299)
• 200 - OK
• Redirection messages (300 – 399)
• Client error responses (400 – 499)
• 404 – Page not found
• 418 – I’m a tea pot
• Server error responses (500 – 599)
• 503 – Server not available
API – Application Programming Interface
• How most communication is done between computers
• [Link]
• Returns
{
title: "Animation: Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS Tails Prediction",
copyright: " Nico Lefaudeux ",
media_type: "video",
explanation: "How bright and strange will the tails of Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS become? The comet has
brightened dramatically over the few weeks as it passed its closest to the Sun and, just three days
ago, passed its closest to the Earth. C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) became of the brightest comets
of the past century over the past few days, but was unfortunately hard to see because it was so
nearly superposed on the Sun. As the comet appears to move away from the Sun, it is becoming a
remarkable sight -- but may soon begin to fade. The featured animated video shows how the comet's
tails have developed, as viewed from Earth, and gives one prediction about how they might further
develop. As shown in the video, heavier parts of the dust tail that trails the comet have begun to
appear to point in nearly the opposite direction from lighter parts of the dust tail as well as the
comet's ion tail, the blue tail that is pushed directly out from the Sun by the solar wind. Growing
Gallery: Comet Tsuchinsan-ATLAS in 2024",
service_version: "v1",
date: "2024-10-15",
url: "[Link]
}
• Notice that it is all text. Easily transferable between computers and programs
Look Who’s Talking
•Client
• the device or program that requests service from the server machine.
• Ex: when you login to Gmail, your laptop is the client (and Google controls the server). Note that the client initiates
the conversation.
•Server
• the device or program that serves the information. A server can be thought of as a computer, but it is also the
program that sits and waits for connections from clients. When a client connects, the server delivers a webpage, a
stock price, stores information in a database, prints something, fires a space laser, and so on.
Peer-to-Peer Networking
• As an alternative to client / server networking, a peer-to-peer or P2P network is a distributed system. There is no
dedicated central server. Every device, or "peer," can act as both a client and a server. Each peer can initiate requests
and provide services to other peers. This is the model used by BitTorrent and Bitcoin.
To Whom are they Talking
•IP address
• A unique address for a machine on the Internet. IP version 4 addresses look like this: [Link].
There are only about 4 billion possible IP4 addresses,
• We also use IPv6, which has 340 undecillion unique addresses, finally allowing us to have a unique
address for every grain of sand on earth.
• When you send something over the Internet, it gets routed to an IP address, similar to how a package is
delivered by the US mail.
What are they saying?
•Packet
• a piece of information on a packet-switched network. Packets (such as on the Internet)
are delivered through routes of connections, and may not take the same route each
time.
• The days of the old phone system, where a wire actually connected your telephone to
someone else's was a circuit switched network. There was an actual wire from one
place to another.
• The networking model has layers, from the lowest
• Physical layer (the wire or radio signal), all the way to the highest Application Layer (like
Minecraft when playing a multiplayer game).
• Things like the Internet layer (using the IP protocol) are in the middle. This is sometimes
called the OSI model.
Algorithm
•a set of steps for solving a problem.
•`Ex: sorting names, packing boxes in FedEx trucks efficiently, a recipe for
cooking a delicious Chicken parm