Module 4-Electrical
Machines
Module 4-Electrical
Machines
Module 4-Electrical
Machines
Types of Machines
Fleming’s Left & Right Hand Rule
Components for construction of DC
Generator/Motor
The components of a DC generator are:
● Magnetic frame or yoke
● Pole cores and pole shoes
● Field or exciting windings
● Armature core and windings
● Commutators
● Brushes
● End housings
● Bearings
● Shaft
Construction of DC Generator/Motor
Types of Armature windings
Construction Diagram
EMF Equation of Generator
Equivalent circuit of DC Machine
Types of DC Machines
Terms to be noted
• F1-F2 - Field Winding Terminals • Ish – Shunt Winding current (If)
• A1-A2 - Armature Winding Terminals • Ise – Series Winding current(If)
• Rsh - Shunt Winding resistance(Rf)
• If - Field winding /Exciting current
• Rse - Series Winding resistance(Rf)
• Rf - Field winding resistance
• Ia - Armature Current
• Ra - Armature Resistance
• Eg - Emf generated in the armature
• V=VL - Terminal Voltage/Load Voltage
• IL - Load Current
• Vbrush - Voltage drop across the brushes
• PL - Total Power/Output Power
• Pa - Power in the Armature
Separately Excited DC Generator
DC Shunt Generator
DC Series Generator
Long Shunt DC Generator
Short Shunt DC Generator
Principle of operation of a DC Motor
Principle of operation of a DC Motor
Transformers
Types of Core/Arrangement
Core type Transformers
Shell type Transformers
EMF Equation of Transformer
Transformer Ratios
Transformer Ratios
Current Ratio:
Efficiency & Voltage regulation of
Transformer
Efficiency of a Transformer (η)
% Efficiency (η)=(Output power/Input Power) x 100
Voltage Regulation (R)
% Voltage Regulation=(Secondary voltage on no load-Secondary voltage on full load) x100
Secondary voltage on full load
Total losses in transformer= Iron loss +Copper loss
AC Motors
• AC motors are classified into:
1. Synchronous Motors
2. Asynchronous Motors
•Asynchronous Motors are in turn classified into:
i) Induction Motors
ii) Commutator Motors
• Induction Motors are classified into (based on type of current) :
(i) Single phase
(ii) Three phase
• Induction Motors are classified into (based on construction) :
(i) Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
(ii) Slip Ring or Wound Type Induction Motor
Three phase induction Motor
• Induction motors are the
commonly used in various
applications.
• They are called asynchronous
motors because they always run at
a speed less than the synchronous
speed.
• The synchronous speed is defined
as the speed of the Rotating
Magnetic Field (RMF) by the
stator.
• The stator houses the single/three
phase windings based on the
application.
Stator of Induction Motor
• The stator is the stationary
part of the motor.
• The stator has various
stampings with slots to
house the windings.
• In case of three phase, the
coils are displaced at an
angle of 120 degrees from
each other.
Rotor of Induction Motor
• Rotor is the rotating part of the
motor.
• It comprises of cylindrical laminated
core with parallel axially placed
slots for housing the conductors.
• The conductors are usually copper,
aluminium or alloy.
• In case of slip ring type, the shaft of
the rotor houses the additional slip
rings in order to enable connecting
external resistance to vary the
speed/torque characteristics of the
motor.
Principle of operation
• Alternating flux is produced by the varying AC supply.
• This is called as the Rotating magnetic field which causes the
rotating flux.
• The speed at which this alternating flux rotates is called as
the synchronous speed.
• The alternating flux induces an emf as per Faraday’s Law in
the stator.
• The rotor is magnetically coupled through the air gap anf
therefore, an emf is induced in the rotor as well (Principle of
mutual induction).
• This flux induced in the rotor is less than that of the stator.
• Due to this difference in flux between stator & rotor, torque
is initiated which makes the rotor to rotate (Double revolving
Field theory).
Slip
• Synchronous speed is given by,
f- Frequency; P- No of poles
• Slip is defined as the per unit speed where the rotor falls behind the stator. It is given by,
• The frequency of rotor emf is given by,
• The frequency of rotor emf is also given by,
where, S-Slip
Single Phase Induction Motors
Types:
•Shaded Pole Induction motor
•Split Phase
• Capacitor start motors
• Capacitor start Capacitor run motors
Capacitor start motors
Capacitor start Capacitor run motors
Shaded Pole Induction motor