HUMAN
DEVELOPMEN
T
CHAPTER 4
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?
D E V E LO P M E N T I S PATT E R N O F P R O G R E S S I V E LY , O R D E R LY A N D
P R E D I C TA B L E C H A N G E S T H AT B E G I N S AT C O N C E P T I O N A N C O N T I N U E S
THROUGHOUT LIFE
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
LIFE SPAN PERSPECTIVE OF
DEVELOPMENT
• DEVELOPMENT IS PLASTIC- CAN BE MODIFIED WITHIN THE PERSON
• DEVELOPMENT IS INFLUENCED BY HISTORICAL CONDITIONS
• DEVELOPMENT IS A CONCERN FOR NO OF DISCPLINES
SOME IMPORTANT TERMS
• GROWTH- INCREASE IN THE SIZE OF BODY
• DEVELOPMENT- PROGRESSIVE AND ORDERLY CHANGES THAT TAKES PLACE
DURING THE LIFE SPAN
• MATURATION- CHANGES THAT FOLLOW AN ORDERLY SEQUENCE LARGELY
DICTATED BY THE GENETIC BLUEPRINT
• EVLOUTION REFERS TO SPECIES SPECIFIC CHANGES
DIFEERENCE BETWEEN GENOTYPE AND
PHENOTYPE?
WHAT IS EXACTLY THE
DIFFERENCE?
HOW DOES GENOTYPE AND
PHENOTYPE IMPACT
DEVELOPMENT
• IF PARENTS ARE GOOD READERS, THEY WILL PROVIDE THE SAME
ENVIROMENT TO THE CHILD
• A CHILD’S OWN GENOTYPE IMPACTS DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD LIKE
BEING COOPERATIVE, AND ATTENTIVE
• BESIDES THIS THE CHILD THEMSELVES CHOOSE THEIR ENVIROMENT BASED
ON THEIR PREFERENCES
BRONFRENBRENERS
CONTEXTUAL VIEW OF
DEVELOPMENT
OVERVIEW OF
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
THE PERIOD FROM CONCEPTION TO
BIRTH IS KNOWN AS PRENATAL
PERIOD
IT IS ABOUT 40 WEEKS
PRENATAL PERIOD IS AFFECTED BY
MATERNAL CHARACTERSTICS LIKE
MOTHER’S AGE, NUTRITION,
EMOTIONAL STATE
TERATOGENS- THEY ARE AGENTS
THAT CAUSES DEVIATION TO
NORMAL DEVELOPMENT ( DRUGS,
POLLUTIONS ETC)
INFANCY
• ACTIVITIES OF A NEW BORN: BREATHES, SUCKS,
SWALLOWS, DISCHARGES BODY WASTE
• DURING FIRST WEEK, THEY CAN DETECT WHAT
DIRECTION IS THE SOUND COMING FROM
• CAN DISTINGUISH THEIR MOTHERS VOICE FROM
THAT OF OTHERS
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT-
REFLEXES
REFLEXES ARE AUTOMATIC, BUILT IN
REACTION TO STIMULI
REFLEXES ARE ADAPTIVE
MECHANISMS
SOME REFLEXES ( BLINKING,
COUGHING) PERSIST THROUGHOUT
LIFE TIME, WHILE OTHERS DISAPPEAR
AS THE BRAIN FUNCTIONING MATURE
ROOTING REFLEX
MORO REFLEX
• The Moro reflex is an infantile reflex
normally present in all infants/newborns
up to 3 or 4 months of age as a response
to a sudden loss of support, when the
infant feels as if it is falling. It involves
three distinct components: spreading out
the arms (abduction) pulling the arms in
(adduction)
GRASP REFLEX
Palmar grasp reflex is a primitive reflex found
in infants of humans and most primates. When
an object is placed in an infant's hand and the
palm of the child is stroked, the fingers will
close reflexively, as the object is grasped via
palmar grasp
BABINSKI REFLEX
• Babinski reflex is one of the
normal reflexes in infants.
Reflexes are responses that
occur when the body receives a
certain stimulus. The Babinski
reflex occurs after the sole of the
foot has been firmly stroked. The
big toe then moves upward or
toward the top surface of the
foot. The other toes fan out.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• INFANT ACTIVELY CONSTRUCT THEIR MINDS
• UNDERSTANDS THE WORLD THROUGH THEIR SENSES AND INTERACTION
WITH THE WORLD AROUND THEM THROUGH- TOUCHING, HEARING,
MOUTHING AND GRASPING
• THIS STAGE IS REFERED TO AS SENSORY MOTOR STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
SOCIO EMOTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
• INFANT PRERFERS
FAMILIAR FACES AND
RESPONDS TO
PARENTS BY COOING/
BABBLING
• SHOW PREFERS FOR
THEIR MOTHER’S
COMPANY
• BUILDS THE CONCEPT
OF ATTACHMENT
SOCIO- EMOTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
CLASSIC EXPERIMENT BY
HARLOW AND HARLOW
ERIKSONS CONCEPT OF
TRUST VS MISTRUST
CHILDHOOD
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
• BRAIN AND HEAD GROWS MORE
RAPIDLY
• AS CHILD GROWS OLDER, BODY FAT
DECREASES, CHILD LOOKS SLIMMER
• GOOD EYE HAND COORDINATION,
HOLDING A PENCIL
• FINE MOTOR COORDINATION
• PREFERENCE FOR RIGHT OR LEFT
DEVELOPS
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• OBJECT PERMANANCE IS
COMPLETELY DEVELOPED
• CHILDREN DRAW IMAGES
OF TREES, DRAW
DESIGNS , FIGURES TO
REPRESENT PEOPLE,
DOGS HOUSES ETC
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
SOME IMPORTANT
CONCEPTS
• Egocentrism refers to the child's inability to see a situation from another
person's point of view. According to Piaget, the egocentric child assumes
that other people see, hear, and feel exactly the same as the child does.
Animism- Inanimate object have life like qualities.
Centration- Focussing on a single characteristic or feature for understanding
an event
CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
THOUGHT
CONCRETE OPERATIONS ( 7
TO 11 YEARS)
• ALLOWS THE CHILD TO FOCUS ON
DIFFERENT CHARACTERSTICS OR OBJECTS
AND NOT FOCUS ON ONE ASPECT
• THE CHILD LEARNS THAT THERE ARE
DIFFERENT WAYS OF LOOKING AT THINGS
• DECLINE OF EGOCENTRISM
• CHILD BECOMES MORE FLEXIBLE
• UNDERSTANDS ABSTRACT THINGS
• DEVELOPMENT OF VOCABULARY AND
GRAMMAR
INITIATIVE VS GUILT- ERIK
ERIKSON
SOCIO EMOTIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
• CHILDREN LEARNS
INDEPENDENCE AND LOVES
DOING THINGS BY THEMSELVES
• THEY ENJOY FREEDOM AND
OPPURTUNITIES TO PLAY LIKE
CYCLING, RUNNING, SKATING ETC
• ANSWERING THEIR QUESTIONS
GIVES THEM COMFORT, HOWEVER
IF THEY ARE MADE TO FEEL THAT
THEIR QUESTIONS ARE USELESS
AND GAMES PLAYED BY THEM ARE
STUIPED, THEY DEVELOP
FEELINGS OF GUILT
MORAL DEVELOPMENT-
KOHLBERG
ADOLSCENECE – 13 TO 19
YEARS
ADOLSCENCE
• BEGINS WITH PUBERTY- WHEN SEXUAL
MATURITY THE ABILITY TO REPRODUCE IS
ATTAINED
• SOMETIMES THESE YEARS ARE
PROBLEMATIC AND CONFUSING
• END OF CHILDHOOD
• PHYSICAL CHANGES IN THE BODY
• DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY CHARACTERISTICS
• MENARCHE- ONSET OF MENSTURATION
• INTEREST IN OPPOSITE SEX
• PREOCUPIED WITH THEIR LOOKS
• NEED TO DEVELOP REALISTIC IMAGE OF
THEMSELVES
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• THINKING BECOMES MORE
IDEALISTIC, ABSTRACT AND DRIVEN
BY LOGIC
• OFTEN COMPARES THEMSELVES
WITH OTHERS AND IDEAL
STANDARDS
• EG: THEY MAY THINK WHAT IDEAL
PARENTS ARE LIKE AND MAY
COMPARE THEIR PARENTS WITH
OTHERS
• PIAGET CALLED THIS AS IMAGINARY
AUDIENCE AND PERSONAL FABLE
FORMING AN IDENTITY
IDENTITY VS ROLE
CONFUSION- ERIKSON
CONCERNS DURING
ADOLSCENCE
WHY?
ADULTHOOD
WHO IS AN ADULT?
CHALLENGES OF
ADULTHOOD
OLD AGE
CHALLENGES OF OLD AGE
EGO INTEGRITY VS DISPAIR-
ERIKSON
THANK YOU