CARDIO-VASCULAR
SYSTEM
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Heart
2. Blood vessels
HEART
• Main organ in cardiovascular system with four muscular chambers and 4
valves.
• Heart is divided anatomically and functionally into 2 halves: right and left.
• Each half has inflow chamber known as atrium and outflow chamber known
as ventricle.
• Right and left atria are separated by inter atrial septum while ventricles are
separated by inter ventricular septum.
• Right atrium opens into right ventricle through right atrio ventricular orifice
(tricuspid valve) and left atrium opens through left atrio ventricular orifice
(bicuspid valve)
• Right heart circulates blood through lungs for oxygenation through
pulmonary circulation while left circulates blood to various tissues of the
body through systemic circulation.
BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM
• Consists of vessels of different caliber, structure and function.
• The Greek term “ANGEION”- vessels
• Angiology- study of disease of circulatory and lymphatic system.
• Arteries- number of tubes travelling away from the heart and carrying
oxygenated blood to peripheral parts of the body.
• Veins- systems of tube loops back and reach the heart returning the
deoxygenated blood.
ARTERIES
• Carry blood away from the heart for distribution to different parts of
the body.
• Largest artery- aorta
• Large sized artery- with diameter more than 1 cm
• Medium sized artery- with diameter of 1-10 mm
ARTERIES: Introduction
• Thick walled tubes that convey oxygenated blood from heart and
distribute it through its branches.
• Increase in number as they move away from the heart
• Decrease in diameter as they move away from the heart.
• Thickness of wall- decreases as they move away from heart
• No valves present
ARTERIES- Microscopic view
• 3 coats
1. Inner tunica intima-
• Have 2 layers
1. Flat Endothelial layer
2. Longitudinally arranged sub endothelial layer
2. Middle tunica media-
• Thickest of all coats
• Contains concentrically arranged smooth muscles
3. Outer tunica adventitia-
• Thinnest and strongest consists of longitudinally arranged elastic and collagenous
tissue.
• This layer prevents the formation of aneurysm of arteries by resisting the
outward pressure of blood.
VEINS-Introduction
• Channels carrying blood from capillary bed to heart
• Capillaries unite to form venules which joins to form veins
• Lumen is larger than artery.
• All veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary veins.
• Thin walled.
• Amount of muscles and elastic fibres are less in veins with respect to artery.
• Pulse pressure and blood flow is low
• Contraction of abdominal muscles and diaphragm facilitates venous return
from veins of abdomen
VEINS- Microscopic view
• 3 coats- not well defined
1. Tunica intima- absence of internal elastic membrane
2. Tunica media-
• Thin, more collagen, few elastic and smooth muscle fibres
3. Tunica adventitia-
• Thickest of all coats
• contains collagen fibres, few elastic fibres and some smooth muscles
VALVES
• Interior of veins are provided with valves to prevent reflux of blood
maintaining unidirectional flow of blood.
• Formed by infoldings of tunica intima
• Have 1-3 cusps directed towards heart
• Present distal to the region where veins undergoes dilatation.
• Valves are more in veins that carry blood against the gravity
• Absent in veins of thorax and abdomen
• Absent in very small veins (less than 2mm diameter)and very large
veins (cerebral, spinal, vena cavae,
VENAE COMITANTS
• Pair of veins that supports the artery
• Above elbow and below the knee, the
deep veins are arranged in pairs along
the sides of the arteries.
• Helps in return of blood towards the
heart by transmitted pulsation of
arteries.
ANASTOMOSES
• Communication/networking between
the adjacent vessels
• Anastomoses between the arteries of
same caliber is seen in brain, limbs and
intestines.
• Smaller branches of arteries
anastomoses more frequently than
larger arteries.
• Function: equalises pressure difference
VASA VASORUM
• Latin word- vessels of vessels
• Minute blood vessels that supply nutrition to walls of large blood
vessels
• Supplies tunica adventitia and outer part of tunica media of large
arteries and veins.
• Branch of artery breaks up into capillary plexus in tunica adventitia.
• Venous blood from the plexus drains into veins that accompany the
artery.
• Example- coronary artery of heart.
CLINICALS
1. Varicose veins
2. Venesection (phlebotomy)
3. Spider veins ( telangiectasis)
4. Phlebitis
5. DVT (deep vein thrombosis)
6. Angiography
7. Hemangioma
8. Arteriosclerosis
9. Thromboangiitis obliterans
10. Occlusive arterial disease
Varicose veins
• Large and swollen veins.
• Mainly seen in legs and feet.
• Cause- prolonged standing, obesity
and pregnancy
• Blood collects in leg and pressure on
veins increases leading to throbbing
pain and swelling in leg
Venesection (phlebotomy)
• Process of drawing or removing blood
through an puncture of superficial
vein
• Common veins used are median
cubital, cephalic or basilic vein
Spider veins ( telangiectasis)
• Small aggregations of minute blood vessels on the surface of skin that
results from backed up blood
• Blue, red or purple in colour.
• Caused dur to reduced venous efficiency.
Phlebitis
• Inflammation of vein
DVT (deep vein thrombosis)
• Blood clot in deep vein of leg and thigh.
• Thrombus can be dislodged and can cause serious problems in lungs
such as pulmonary embolism
Angiography
• Imaging technique to visualise
lumen of blood vessels
Hemangioma
• Benign tumour made up of blood vessels
• Can occur in skin, muscle, bone or internal organ
Arteriosclerosis and
Atherosclerosis
• Arteriosclerosis- hardening and stiffening of arterial wall.
• Atherosclerosis- narrowing of artery because of formation of an
atheromatous plaque
Thromboangiitis obliterans
• Known as Buerger’s
disease.
• Result from recurrent
inflammation and clotting
of blood in small and
medium sized arteries and
veins of hands
Occlusive arterial disease
• Due to occlusion of end arteries.
• The effect varies for each artery
1. Cerebral artery- paralysis
2. Central artery of retina- blindness
3. Renal, splenic arteries-death
4. Gut arteries- gangrene
5. Coronary artery- myocardial
infarction and heart attack
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