Sampling Techniques
Dr. Parmeshwar Biradar
Sampling
Random Sampling
Stratified sampling
Systematic Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Judgment sampling
Quota Sampling
ASHOKA
Snowball Sampling
ASHOKA
Determination of sample size
Sample size calculator
• https
://[Link]/mp/sample-size-c
alculator
/
Confidence level
• A 0% confidence level means you have
no faith at all that if you repeated the
survey that you would get the same
results.
• A 100% confidence level means there is
no doubt at all that if you repeated the
survey you would get the same results.
• 90 % confidence level means that you are
confident that 90 % of the time the
survey will give same result.
Margin of Error
• Margin of errors, in statistics, is the degree of
error in results received from random
sampling surveys. A higher margin of error in
statistics indicates less likelihood of relying on
the results of a survey or poll, i.e. the
confidence on the results will be lower to
represent a population.
Example
• In this case, if 60 visitors out of 100 report that
the food was extremely good. As the margin
of error is plus or minus 5% in a confidence
interval is 90%,
• In 100 visitors, it’s safe to conclude that the
visitors who comment that the food was
“extremely good” will be 55 to 65 (90%) of
the time.
Research design
• A Research Design is simply a structural
framework of various research methods as
well as techniques that are utilised by a
researcher.
Quantitative Research Design
• In Quantitative Research Design, a researcher
examines the various variables while including
numbers as well as statistics in a project to
analyze its findings. The use of graphics,
figures, pie charts is the main form of data
collection measurement and meta-analysis (it
is information about the data by the data).
Qualitative Research Design
• This type of research is quite contrary to
quantitative research design. It is explanatory in
nature and always seeks answers to “What’s” and
“How’s”. It mainly focuses on why a specific
theory exists and what would be the
respondent’s answer to it. This allows a
researcher to draw a conclusion with proper
findings. Case studies are mainly used in
Qualitative Research Design in order to
understand various social complexities.
Descriptive Research Design
• In Descriptive Research Design, the scholar
explains/describes the situation or case in
depth in their research materials. This type of
research design is purely on a theoretical basis
where the individual collects data, analyses,
prepares and then presents it in an
understandable manner. It is the most
generalised form of research design.
Experimental Research Design
• Experimental Research Design talks about the
cause and effect of the situation and their
relationship with each other. It is done under
the proper observation of independent
variables on the dependent variable. The
independent variable is always changed or
manipulated by the researcher in order to
change the discourse of the research and to
gain control over the research methodology.
Correlational Research Design
• In this type of research design, the scholar
establishes a relationship between two
connected variables in the research project.
Further, it also completely non-experimental
in nature and the variables are dependent on
each other.
Quasi-Experimental Research Design
• A Quasi-Experimental Research Design is
referred to as a true experiment because it
aims to intricately build a cause and effect
relationship between an independent variable
with a dependent variable. One unique aspect
about this research design is it doesn’t base
itself on a random assignment but rather it
assigns subjects to diverse groups on a non-
random basis.
Other types of research Design
• Diagnostic Research Design
• Explanatory Research Design
• Historical Design
• Longitudinal Design
• Observational Design
• Philosophical Design
• Sequential Design
• Cross-Sectional Design
• Cohort Design
• Causal Design
• Case Study Design
• Action Research Design