BUILDING SCIENCE I
TOPIC/SUB TOPIC TIME ALLOCATION
A. CLIMATOLOGY
1. Climatology 8 Hrs
1.1 Introduction and Objectives of Climatology
1.2 Climate, Weather, Micro & Macro & Urban climate
1.3 Climatic factors – Solar radiation, wind, temperature, humidity, precipitation,
sky condition & secondary factors
1.4 Climates of the world & Nepal
2. Solar Radiation 6 Hrs
2.1 Type of Solar Radiation – Direct, Diffuse & Reflected
2.2 Solar Radiation – Absorption & Reflection on Earth
2.3 Geometry of Solar movement
2.4 Solar Chart & its uses
Climate of the Nepal: According to Altitude, 5
different climates in Nepal :
• Arctic/ Tundra climate:
> 5000 m high Himalayan area
• Alpine climate:
Mt. Everest 3300-5000 m hilly area- Dolpa,
Manang, Solokhumbu
>5000 M
• Cool Temperate climate: 2100-
3300 m hilly area - Jomsom
> 1200M
• Warm Temperate climate: 1200-
2100 m InnerTerai & Chure hilly area -
CROSSSECTION OF NEPAL Kathmandu, Pokhara
SOUTH (INDIA) – NORTH (CHINA)
• Sub-tropical climate:
up to 1200 m plain area of Terai
Climate of the Nepal: geographically, 3
different climates in
Nepal :
[Link] area- Hot
climate
[Link] area- Warm
climate
[Link] area-
Cool climate
Climate of the World: • Arctic/ Tundra climate:
Iceland, Greenland, Siberia of
Russia, North Canada etc.
• Cool Temperate climate:
North Europe, North America,
Russia, Canada etc.
• Warm Temperate climate:
Mediterranean countries i.e.
Greece, Turkey, Spain
• Sub-tropical climate: India,
Middle East, North Turkey etc.
• Tropical climate: Near equator,
South East Asia, Central Africa,
South America etc.
Solar Radiation (Light • The Sun, a continuously renewing living
source of heat & light
& heat):
• Sun, delivers 17,000 million MW of
energy per year to the Earth
• 15,000 to 20,000 greater than currently
utilized on the planet
• architects of ancient civilizations
designed buildings to take advantage of
the sun's heat & light,
• now call solar architecture
• Solar energy contribute to the health
First Solar 40 MW PV Array installed • & well being of the occupants of the
by JUWI Group in Waldpolenz, building
Germany
• reduce dependence on conventional
energy systems
Solar Radiation (Light &
heat): • global radiation varies from 3.5 to
6.3 kWh per day per sq. m.
• more than 80% of the country
receives an average solar energy
above 5.2 kWh per sq. m.
• great scope for the use of solar
energy for various applications in
our country
• solar energy developed previously
for heating space
• But photovoltaic cells converts
solar energy into electricity
• Solar energy techniques classified
CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business as- passive, active & hybrid
Centre Hyderabad - uses 60 % less water systems
and 60 to 75 % less electricity
Solar Radiation (Light & heat):
• 3-6 KWhr/sq m, 4.5 KWhr/sq m in
Kathmandu,
• Time lag- Sunrise to Sunset time 10
hrs in winter & 14 hrs in summer in
kathmandu
4.5 KWhr/day-sq m • 12/12 hrs in Autumn & Spring
• Max. Altitude angle =84 at noon in
21 June in Kathmandu
• Min. altitude angle =34 at noon in
21 Dec. in Kathmandu
• Solar radiation utilization/control
technique- natural/artificial/passive
[Link] Radiation
2.1 Type of Solar Radiation –
Direct, Diffuse & Reflected
2.2 Solar Radiation –
Absorption & Reflection on
Earth
2.3 Geometry of Solar
movement
2.4 Solar Chart & its uses
[Link] Radiation
2.1 Type of Solar Radiation –
Direct, Diffuse & Reflected
2.2 Solar Radiation –
Absorption & Reflection on
Earth
2.3 Geometry of Solar
movement
2.4 Solar Chart & its uses
Type of Solar Radiation
A.) DIRECT –
without any obstruction
B.) INDIRECT/ REFLECTED-
C reflected from paved
surface/ building/ CGI
A roof
B C.) DIFFUSED – through
cloud/ monsoon season
Absorption & Reflection of Solar Radiation
ATMOSPHER
a- reflected from ground- 5 %
a b c d e b- reflected from clouds - 20 %
c- absorbed in atmosphere-25 %
d- diffuse on ground- 23 %
e- direct on ground- 27 %
GROUND
Total on ground
– 50 %
50 % ON GROUND
Geometry of Solar Radiation
(Sun & Earth Relationship)
Geometry of Solar Radiation
(Sun & Earth Relationship)
Geometry of Solar movement
Architect should familiar with
position & intensity of the Sun
through out the year for :
• To use max solar energy in cold
climate/ winter
• To protect from solar energy in
warm climate/ summer
• for day lighting in interior
• For aesthetic & hygienic purpose
It can be done by proper planning,
orientation, passive design with
respect to geometry of Sun &
Earth.
Geometry of Solar movement
• Earth tilt – 23.5
• Rotates in 365 days in it’s orbit
• One revolution in 24 hr/ day
• Due to this, angle & direction
of Sun’s ray vary day by day
Line of cancer
N • Seasons – summer, winter,
spring, autumn
90 90
SUN • Solstice & Equinox condition
Line of Capricorn
23.5
• Summer solstice – 21 st June
21 June 21 Dec • Longest day/shortest night
SOLSTICE CONDITION • high sun angle in N hemisphere
• 84 angle at noon in Kathmandu
• Perpendicular to line of cancer
Geometry of Solar movement
• Winter solstice – 21st Dec
• shortest day/ Longest night
• low sun angle
• Perpendicular to line of cancer
• 34 angle at noon in Kathmandu
• Opposite in N &S hemispheres
• In June, summer in Kathmandu &
London
• In June, Winter in Sydney &
Santiago ( Chili )
• Equinox – 21 March & 23 Sept
• 12-12 hrs day & night
• Sun rise & Sunset – absolute East
& West
Geometry of Solar movement
• Winter solstice – 21st
Dec
• Sun “Utarayan” – toward
North, Karkat rekha
• Yomari/Dhanya/Udhauli
Purnima Maghe sakranti
• Equinox – 21 March
( Fagu purnima)
• & 23 Sept ( Indrajatra)
• Summer solstice – 21 st
June
• Sun “Dakhinayan” –
toward South, Makar
rekha
• Nirjala Yakadesi
Geometry of Solar movement
Geometry of Solar movement
ASSIGNMENT
Find out annual temperature 1. Group division
graph & comfort range of 2. 4 students/ group
different places 3. Collection of Temp, Rainfall &
1. Comfort range = 18 – 22 deg C humidity data
2. Overheated period > 27 C
3. Under heating period < 10 C 4. District headquarter of 3 region
5. Katmandu, Pokhara,…..
• Comfort month : Kartik, Falgun 6. From metrological record ( www/
• Overheated month : Jestha,….. met department)
( during day/night)
• Need cooling system during day
/night
• Under heated
month :Poush,Magh…..( during
day/night)
• Need heating system during day
/night
THANK YOU