ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS

OF
THE PRINCIPLES
OF
PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDES.

1. SECTIONS OF SOLIDS.
2. DEVELOPMENT.
3. INTERSECTIONS.

STUDY CAREFULLY
THE ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON
NEXT SIX PAGES !
 SECTIONING A SOLID. The action of cutting is called
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by SECTIONING a solid
some imaginary cutting plane &
to understand internal details of that The plane of cutting is called
object. SECTION PLANE.
utting actions means section planes are recommended.

OBSERVER E
AN
PL
tion Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp.
ction ASSUME
UPPER PART
N
T O N FV
.
C I
SE
his is a definition of an Aux. Inclined Plane i.e. A.I.P.) REMOVED

OTE:- This section plane appears (A)

as a straight line in FV.

tion Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.

his is a definition of an Aux. Vertical Plane i.e. A.V.P.)
OTE:- This section plane appears (B)
as a straight line in TV.
ember:-
ter launching a section plane ASSUME
LOWER PART
SE
CT
ON
her in FV or TV, the part towards observer REMOVED IN PLA
TV
.
NE
OBSERVER
assumed to be removed.
far as possible the smaller part is
sumed to be removed.
 For TV
ILLUSTRATION SHOWING
Fo
IMPORTANT TERMS rT
IN SECTIONING. ru
e Sh
ap
e

SECTION
PLANE

TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION

x y

Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)

SECTIONAL T.V.
Typical Section Planes
&
Typical Shapes
Of
Sections. Section Plane Ellipse
Section PlaneTriangle Through Generators
Through Apex

Ellipse Trapezium

Cylinder through Sq. Pyramid through

generators. all slant edges
 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS.
MEANING:-
ASSUME OBJECT HOLLOW AND MADE-UP OF THIN SHEET. CUT OPEN IT FROM ONE SIDE AND
UNFOLD THE SHEET COMPLETELY. THEN THE SHAPE OF THAT UNFOLDED SHEET IS CALLED
DEVELOPMENT OF LATERLAL SUEFACES OF THAT OBJECT OR SOLID.

LATERLAL SURFACE IS THE SURFACE EXCLUDING SOLID’S TOP & BASE.

ENGINEERING APLICATION:
THERE ARE SO MANY PRODUCTS OR OBJECTS WHICH ARE DIFFICULT TO MANUFACTURE BY
CONVENTIONAL MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPES AND SIZES.
THOSE ARE FABRICATED IN SHEET METAL INDUSTRY BY USING
DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE. THERE IS A VAST RANGE OF SUCH OBJECTS.

EXAMPLES:-
Boiler Shells & chimneys, Pressure Vessels, Shovels, Trays, Boxes & Cartons, Feeding Hoppers,
Large Pipe sections, Body & Parts of automotives, Ships, Aeroplanes and many more.

WHAT IS
To learn methods of development of surfaces of
OUR OBJECTIVE
different solids, their sections and frustums .
IN THIS TOPIC ?
1. Development is different drawing than PROJECTIONS.
But before going ahead, 2. It is a shape showing AREA, means it’s a 2-D plain drawing.
note following 3. Hence all dimensions of it must be TRUE dimensions.
Important points. 4. As it is representing shape of an un-folded sheet, no edges can remain hidden
And hence DOTTED LINES are never shown on development.
Study illustrations given on next page carefully.
 Development of lateral surfaces of different solids.
(Lateral surface is the surface excluding top & base)
Cylinder: A Rectangle
Pyramids: ([Link] triangles)
Cone: (Sector of circle) S

H S

L L
D
D 
H= Height D= base diameter

Prisms: [Link] Rectangles R=Base circle radius. L= Slant edge.

L=Slant height. S = Edge of base
R 3600
 = L

+
H

S S H= Height S = Edge of base

& Development of surface of remaining solid.
& Development of surface of remaining solid.
A Pentagonal Prism of side length of bas 30mm and height 60mm is resting on HP with one edge of the
base is perpendicular to VP. It is cut by an AIP at 40 0 to HP and bisecting the axis. Draw FV, Sectional TV
and True shape of the section. Also Draw the development of retained part.
A cube of 70mm long edges has its vertical faces equally inclined to VP It is cut by an AIP such way that
true shape of the cut is regular hexagon. Determine the inclination of cutting plane with HP. Draw FV,
sectional TV and True Shape of the section. Also Draw the development of retained part.
 FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side

Top side

L L
L1 L1

R
 = L
3600
+

R= Base circle radius of cone

L= Slant height of cone L= Slant edge of pyramid
L1 = Slant height of cut part. L1 = Slant edge of cut part.

STUDY NEXT NINE PROBLEMS OF

SECTIONS & DEVELOPMENT
 Problem 1: A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 60 mm axis Solution Steps:for sectional views:
is standing on Hp on it’s base whose one side is perpendicular to Vp. Draw three views of standing prism.
It is cut by a section plane 40 0 inclined to Hp, through mid point of axis. Locate [Link] in Fv as described.
Draw Fv, [Link] & sec. Also draw true shape of section and Project points where edges are getting
Development of surface of remaining solid. Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in illustration.
C
E Join those points in sequence and show
AP
SH Section lines in it.
UE B
T R D Make remaining part of solid dark.
Y1

A A B C D
E E A
d ’
c’

X1 e’
b’

a’
X Y
e DEVELOPMENT
d
For True Shape: a For Development:
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw development of entire solid. Name from
Draw projectors on it from c
cut-open edge I.e. A. in sequence as shown.
cut points. b Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Mark distances of points Join them in sequence in st. lines.
of Sectioned part from Tv, Make existing parts [Link].
on above projectors from
x1y1 and join in sequence.
Draw section lines in it.
It is required true shape.
Problem 2: A cone, 50 mm base diameter and 70 mm axis is Solution Steps:for sectional views:
standing on it’s base on Hp. It cut by a section plane 45 0 inclined Draw three views of standing cone.
to Hp through base end of end [Link] projections, Locate [Link] in Fv as described.
sectional T v, true shape of section and development of surfaces Project points where generators are
of remaining solid. getting Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in
N [Link] those points in
TIO sequence and show Section lines in it.
C
SE Make remaining part of solid dark.
OF
APE Y1 A
S H
UE o’

E N
B

AN IO
TR

PL C T
SE
DEVELOPMENT C

X1 E
X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ Y
F
g
For True Shape: h G
f
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw projectors on it from For Development: H
cut points.
a e Draw development of entire solid.
Mark distances of points Name from cut-open edge i.e. A. A
of Sectioned part from Tv, in sequence as [Link] the cut
on above projectors from
b d
points on respective edges.
x1y1 and join in sequence. c Join them in sequence in
Draw section lines in it. SECTIONAL T.V
curvature. Make existing parts
It is required true shape. [Link].
 Problem 3: A cone 40mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on Hp( lying on Hp)
which is // to Vp.. Draw it’s [Link] is cut by a horizontal section plane through it’s base
center. Draw sectional TV, development of the surface of the remaining part of cone.

Follow similar solution steps for [Link] - True shape – Development as per previous problem!

o’ DEVELOPMENT
A

a’
B

’b ’ h
HORIZONTAL

c’g
SECTION PLANE C

’
d ’ D
f’

X a’ h’b’ c’ g’ f’ d’ e’ o’ Y
e’

g O E
g1
h f f1 h1 F

a e e1 a1 o1 G
O
H
b d d1 b1
A
c c1
SECTIONAL T.V
(SHOWING TRUE SHAPE OF SECTION)
 Note the steps to locate Problem 4: A hexagonal prism. 30 mm base side &
Points 1, 2 , 5, 6 in [Link]: 55 mm axis is lying on Hp on it’s [Link] with axis
Those are transferred to // to Vp. It is cut by a section plane normal to Hp and
1st TV, then to 1st Fv and 300 inclined to Vp bisecting axis.
a’ b’ c’ f’ d’ e’ Then on 2nd Fv. Draw sec. Views, true shape & development.

3
SECTIONAL F.V. Use similar steps for [Link] & true shape.

a’ b’
4
NOTE: for development, always cut open object from
2 5 From an edge in the boundary of the view in which
[Link] appears as a line.

c’ f’
Here it is Tv and in boundary, there is c1 [Link]
1 6 it is opened from c and named C,D,E,F,A,B,C.
X Y

d’ e’
8 7
f
1 ,2 f1
3,8
e a1 e1
a
A.V.P300 inclined to Vp
4, 7
Through mid-point of axis.
b d b1 d1
5 ,6
AS SECTION PLANE IS IN T.V.,
c X1 c1 CUT OPEN FROM BOUNDRY EDGE C1 FOR DEVELOPMENT.
8
1
C D E F A B C

2 7

Y1
3 6
TR
UE
SH
AP
E OF
SE 5
CT 4
IO
N
DEVELOPMENT
 3 Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) SYMBOLIC ( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND) TV
FV ON IT’S BASE.
X Y NOTE:- X Y
HP term is used in 1 Angle method
st

& FV
TV
For the same
G L
Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections
 FOR T.V.
1

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW [Link] VIEW

FO
R
. F.
V.
S.V
R
FO

x y

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 RHSV FRONT VIEW LHSV
(HW) (LH) (HW)
VIEW FROM y VIEW FROM x VIEW FROM y

TOP VIEW

(LW)

VIEW FROM TOP

Refer Below Fig., Draw FV and TV

L=30 H=30 W =30

Refer Below Fig., Draw FV and TV

L=60 H=60 W =60

Figure below shows FV and TV of an object. Draw its isometric view.

Ans -