UNIT 2
MICROORGANISMS
MICROORGANISMS
_ are organisms too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eyes.
_ must be viewed with a microscope.
_ Microbiology is the study of microbes. (Bacteria, virus, fungi, Protozoa, algae,
and helminthes ( parasitic worms).
_ include fungi, bacteria, algae, Protozoa, and viruses.
_ the eukaryotic microorganisms are visible without magnification.
_ based on evolutionary lines, organisms are grouped into three domains:
_ bacteria, archae, and eukarya. Pp 42.
Cont.
Eubacteria ( True bacteria)
_ are omnipresent i.e., present in soil, air, and water.
_ are unicellular, prokaryotic microorganisms.
_ have a thick, rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
_ have variation in their mode of nutrition. They may be autotrophic,or heterotrophic.
_ heterotrophs may be parasite, saprophyte or symbiotic in nature.
_ lack true chlorophyll, but few photosynthetic bacteria have a special type of
chlorophyll called bacteriochlorophyll.
Cont.
_ lack true nucleus ( lacking nuclear membrane and nucleolus).
_ lack mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, plastid and Endoplasmic reticulum.
_ have both DNA and RNA in bacterial cell.
How do we define the following words:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Unicellular
Multicellular.
Structure of Bacterial Cell
_ are studied under Electron microscope.
a) External parts includes: Appendages like Flagella, Pili, Fimbriae.
Glycocalyx like Capsule, Slime layer.
b) Cell envelope includes: Cell wall and Cell membrane.
c) Internal parts includes: Cytoplasmic matrix, Ribosomes, Inclusions,
Nucleoid/ chromosome, Actin cytoskeleton,
and Endospore.
Pp 45.
Cont.
Eukaryotic microbes: are extraordinarily diverse group with a wide range of
Life cycles, morphological specializations, and
Nutritional needs, cause some diseases.
_ have eukaryotic cells, so have a variety of membranous organelles,
and their genetic material within membrane- delimited nuclei.
Functions of Bacterial structure:
Cytoskeleton_ composed of microtubules, microfilaments,& intermediate filaments.
_ give eukaryotic cells shape.
_ involved in cell movements, intracellular transport, & reproduction.
Pp 46.
Bacterial shapes
_ used to classify bacterial cells:
_ have three main shapes:
a) Cocci (coccus, singular)_ spherical bacteria.
b) Bacilli (bacillus,singular)_ rod- shaped bacteria.
c) Spirochaetes _ are spiral or corkscrew shaped bacteria.
d) Comma _ Vibrio cholera. Pp 47.
Bacterial cell wall
Bacteria can be classified based on their cell wall composition:
e) Gram- positive
f) Gram- negative.
Cont.
Gram-positive_ these bacteria will have purple appearance following Gram-staining.
This is due to retention of the purple crystal violet stain in the thick
peptidoglycan layer of the cell wall.
Eg. All staphylococci, all streptococci, some listeria species.
Gram-negative_ they lose the crystal violet stain ( and take the color of the red
counter stain. They remain pink In Gram’s staining.
_ this appears in bacteria that have a cell wall composed of a thin
layer of peptidoglycan.
Pp 49-50.
Cont.
Gram-staining process has four basic steps:
1. Heat fix/ attach the bacteria to the slide. ( fixation).
2. apply a primary stain. ( crystal violet).
3. add a mordant ( Gram’s iodine) _ Iodine treatment.
4. Rapid decolonization with ethanol, acetone or a mixture of both.
5. Counter staining with Safranin.
Nutritional types of Bacteria
Many bacteria are Autotrophs:
Photoautotrophs_ obtain their energy from sun light.
Chemoautotrophs_ harvest energy from inorganic chemicals.
Other bacteria are Heterotrophs: They obtain some of their carbon from
organic molecules like glucose.
_ Photoheterotrophs_ are heterotrophs that obtain their energy from sunlight.
_ Chemoheterotrophs_ harvest energy from organic molecules.
Sources of energy includes:
1. Light energy.
2. Energy derived from oxidizing organic or inorganic molecules.
Phototrophs_ use light as their energy source.
Chemotrophs_ use energy from oxidation of chemical compounds.
Bacteria have only two sources for electrons:
_ Lithotrophs_ ( rock eaters), use reduced inorganic substances as
their electron source.
_ Organotrophs_ extract electrons from reduced organic
compounds.
_ Majority of bacteria are either photolithoautotrophic or
chemoorganoheterotrophic.
_ photolithoautotrophs ( photoautotrophs)_ use light energy and have CO2 as
their Carbon source.
_ photosynthetic bacteria and Cyanobacteria use water as electron donor
and release oxygen.
_ other photoautotrophs, such as the Purple and Green Sulfur bacteria,
can’t oxidize water, but extract electrons from inorganic donors such
as hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and elemental sulfur.
_ Chemoorganoheterotrophs ( Chemoheterotrophs or Chemoorganotrophs)_
_ use organic compounds as source of energy, hydrogen, electrons & carbon.
Nearly all pathogenic microorganisms are Chemoorganoheterotrophs.
_ Photoorganoheterotrophs_ are common inhabitants of polluted lakes &
streams.
_ Chemolitoheterotrophs_ oxidize reduced organic compounds such as iron,
nitrogen, or sulfur molecules to derive both energy and
electrons For biosynthesis.
_ CO2 is their carbon source.
Reproduction of Bacteria
_ Most reproduce asexually by binary fission.
_ Conjugation_ two cells of different mating types come together, and genetic
material is transferred from one to the other.
_ involve contact between two cells. Eg. E. Coli.
Common bacterial diseases
1. Pertussis_ caused by Bordetella pertussis.
_ is Gram (-) rod.
_ affect upper respiratory tract.
_ transmitted through air.
2. Meningococcal meningitis_ caused by Neisseria meningitides.
_ is Gram (-) diplococcus.
_ affect upper respiratory tract, meninges.
_ transmitted through air.
3. Tuberculosis _ caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
_ its discription is Acid-fast.
_ affects lungs, bones, other organs.
_ transmitted through air.
4. Typhoid fever_ caused by Salmonella typhi.
_ its description is Gram (-) rod.
_ affects intestine, blood, gall bladder.
_ transmitted through contaminated food, and water.
5. Cholera _ caused by Vibro cholera.
_ its description is Gram (-) rod.
_ affect intestine.
_ transmitted through contaminated food and water.
6. Tetanus_ caused by Clostridium tetani.
_ it is Gram (+) spore forming anaerobic rod.
_ affects nerves at synapse.
_ transmitted through soil.
7. Syphilis_ caused by Treponema pallidum.
_ it is Spirochete.
_ affect skin, cardiovascular organs.
_ transmitted through sexual contact.
8. Gonorrhea_ caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
_ it is Gram (-) diplococcus.
_ affect urethra, cervix, fallopean tubes, epididymis, eyes,
pharynx.
_ transmitted through sexual contact.
9. Leprosy_ caused by Mycobacterium liprae.
_ it is Acid-fast.
_ affects skin, bones, and peripheral nerves.
Explain the causative agent, mode of transmission and prevention methods
of Chancroid, diphtheria, anthrax and shigellosis.
Archaea
_ are prokaryotic, single-celled ( unicellular), lack true peptidoglycan in their cell
walls, their cell membrane lipids have branched hydrocarbon chains, found in
extreme environments, and live as producers or Decomposers.
_ based on their physiological characteristics, there are 3 major groups:
- methanogens ( generate methane)._ are strictly anaerobic, and found in lake
sediments, waterlogged soils,marshes,marine sediment and
gastrointestinal tracts of animals, including humans.
- extreme halophiles_ are obligate aerobes, grow in highly saline environment.
- extreme thermophiles_ near volcanic vents( in excess of [Link] be either
obligate aerobes, facultative aerobes, or obligate anaerobes.
- Thermophilic extreme Acidophiles_ grow in extreme acidic, hot
environments.
Eg. Thermoplasma and Picrophilus genera.
Additionaly Archae have some common features:
_ Lack true peptidoglycan in their cell wall.
_ their cell membrane lipids have branched hydrocarbon chains.
_ the initial amino acid in their polypeptide chains,coded by the AUG start
codon, is methionine.
_ multiply by binary fission, budding, fragmentation or other mechanisms.
Beneficial aspects of Archaea
They become the source of enzymes:
_ added to detergents to work on higher temperatures and PH.
_ Proteases and Lipases are used as detergent additives to increase their
stain removal activity.
_ some are used for bioremediation or in cleaning contaminated sites.
_ some for the development of molecular biology ( for the amplification of
the DNA in a technique called Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR).
Physical factors that affect microbial growth
_ the major factors are _ solutes and water activity.
_ PH.
_ temperature.
_ oxygen level.
_ pressure and radiation. .
Fungi
_ are eukaryotic, are spore-bearing, have absorptive nutrition, lack chlorophyll,
and reproduce sexually and asexually.
_ Mycologists_ are scientists who study Fungi.
_ Mycology_ is the scientific discipline devoted to Fungi.
_ Mycotoxicology_ the study of fungal toxins and their effects.
_ Mycoses_ the diseases caused by fungi in animals.
General characteristics of True Fungi
1. All are eukaryotic.( posses membrane-bound nuclei).
2. Most are filamentous. (Composed of individual microscopic filaments
called hyphae).
3. Some are unicellular. Eg. Yeasts.
4. Protoplasm of a hyphae or cell is surrounded by a rigid wall, primarily
composed of chitin and glucans also some species contain cellulose.
5. Many reproduce both sexually and asexually, to produce spores.
6. Their nuclei are typically haploid, and hyphae compartments are
multinucleate.
(Although the Oomycota and some yeasts posses diploid nuclei.)
7. All are achlorophyllous.(lack chlorophyll)
8. All are chemoheterotrophic (chemoorganotrophic).
_use pre-existing organic sources of carbon, and energy from chemical rxn.
9. Posses range of storage compounds.
Eg. Trehalose, glycogen, sugar alcohols and lipids.
10. Nutritionally categorized into 3:_ saprophytic, parasitic, and symbiotic.
Ecology of fungi
_ they have colonized nearly all environments on earth, but are frequently
found in cool, dark, moist places with a supply of decaying material.
_ mycorrhizal association = many fungi with the root of plants.
_ some ants farm fungi as a supply of food.
_ Lichens = symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic
organism.
_ usually with algae or cyanobacterium.
The current classification of fungi ( five groups):
1. Zycomycota. Sporangial fungi, Eg. Rhizopus and mucor.
2. Ascomycota. Ascospore producing fungi, Eg. Saccharomyces cerviciae.
3. Basidomycota. Basidia producing fungi, Eg. Rusts and smuts.
4. Chytridomycota. Zoospore producing fungi, Eg. Allomyces and water
molds.
5. [Link]. Mycorrhizal fungi.
Reproduction in fungi
_ Sporulation_ the process of spore formation.
_ occurs in structures called fruiting bodies.
_ the fruiting bodies may be asexual and invisible to the naked eye,
or sexual structures, such as the macroscopic mushrooms.
A. Asexual reproduction
_ at the end of specialized hyphae, through mitotic division, all genetically
identical spores are produced.
a) Sporangiospores_ are asexual spores develop within sacs or vessels called
Sporangia.
b) Conida_ are unprotected, dust-like spores.
_ are produced on supportive structures called conidiophores.
_ are blown in large numbers by wind currents.
c) In other fungi,spores may form simply by fragmentation of the hyphae
yielding Arthrospores. Eg. The fungus that cause athletes foot.
d) Many yeasts reproduce asexually by budding.
The cell becomes swollen at one edge, and a new cell called blastospore
develops (bud) from the parent cell.
B. Sexual Reproduction
_ many fungi also produce spores by sexual reproduction.
_ opposite mating types come together and fuse.
_ because the nuclei are genetically different in each mating type, the
fusion cell represents a heterokaryon (different nucleus)._ a cell with
genetically dissimilar nuclei.
_ a visible fruiting body results during sexual reproduction, and it is the
location of the haploid spores. Eg. In Mushrooms.
Economic importance of fungi
They have both beneficial and harmful aspects.
Beneficial aspects of fungi:
1. Exist either as saprobes or [Link] play a role in recycling of elements.
2. Edible varieties are important food [Link]. Basidiomycetes.
3. Yeasts are used in industrial processes involving fermentation.
Eg. Making of bread,wine, and beer.
4. In the preparation of some cheese, soy sauce,Enjera, Tela, Tej, Bulla, etc.
In commercial production of organic acids as citric,gallic, and certain drugs.
eg. Ergometrine, Cortisone.
Cont.
5. Molds (Eg. Aspergillosis species) are used in the production of citric,oxalic,
gluconic, and itaconic acids.
_ products of fermentation yield industrial alcohol, fats, and proteins.
Eg. Fusarium mold can produce 12-15gm of fat from a liter of 50%
Glucose solution, within 48 hours.
6. Manufacture of many antibiotics (penicillin, griseofulvin), and the immuno-
Suppressive cyclosporine.
7. Actinomycetes and fungi are sources of antibiotics such as penicillin,
Amphotericin B, adriamycin, and bleomycin.
Cont.
8. Are useful tools for studying complex eukaryotic events, such as cancer and
aging within a simple cell. Pp. 67.
Harmful aspects of fungi:
1. Cause of plant diseases. They invade leaves through their stomata.
Over 5,000 species attack valuable crops, garden plants,& many wild plants.
Also cause many diseases of animals and humans.
2. Molds can cause deterioration of fabrics, leather, electrical insulation and
other manufactured goods. (Especially in warm, humid climate).
Cont.
3. Spoil agricultural produce, if improperly stored.
Also destroy vegetables, fruits, and cereals.
4. Mycotoxicoses = ingestion of toxins of fungal origin.
Mycetismus=mushroom poisoning through ingestion of fungal elements.
a) Aflatoxins_ mycotoxins produced by two closely related fungi (Aspergillus
flavus and A. parasiticus).
_ the molds are found primarily in warm, humid climates, where they
contaminate agricultural products such as peanuts,grains, cereals,
sweet potatoes, corn,rice, and animal feed.
Cont.
_ aflatoxins deposited in foods and ingested by humans, then become
carcinogenic in liver.
_ contaminated meat and dairy products are also sources of the toxins.
b) Ergotism_ caused by an ascomycetes fungus called Claviceps purparea
which produces a powerful toxin.
_ grows as hyphae on kernels of rye, wheat, and barley.
_ penetrate the plant, consume the substance of the grain, and the dense
tissue hardens into a purple body called a sclerotium.
_ sclerotium produce alkaloids and deposited as an ergot.
Cont.
c) Mushroom poisoning or Mycetism_ from mushrooms that produce
Mycotoxins that affect the human body.
5. Superficial Fungal infections_ affect the human hair, fingernails, toenails, and the
Epidermis (dead, outermost layer of the skin).
_ caused by different filamentous fungi in the genera Trichophyton,
Epidermophyton, and Microsporum.
_ the various forms of dermatophytosis are known as tineas or ringworms.
_ tineas are classified according to the site or structure affected:
Cont.
a) Tinea corporis ( ringworm) _ affect hairless skin.
_ include Microsporum canis, Tricophyton mentagrophytes.
b) Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) _ affect mainly the lower legs.
_ include [Link], [Link], Epidermophyton floccosum.
c) Tinea capitis _ affect eyebrows, and eyelashes.
_ include [Link],and [Link].
d) Tinea barbae _ is beard ringworm.
_ include [Link] and T. Mentagrophytes.
e) Tinea unguium ( onychomycosis) _ affect the nails.
_ include T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and E. floccosum.
Cont.
Mode of transmission:
_ Superficial mycoses (Dermatomycoses) are transmitted by:
_ human contact.
_ animal-human contact.
_ indirectly on inanimate objects ( clothes, carpets, moisture & dust in
Showers, swimming pools, wardrobes, gyms).
_ the localization of the primary foci corresponds to the contact site. Thus feet,
Uncovered skin (hair, head, facial skin) are affected most frequently.
Pp. 69_ 70.
Cont.
Prevention_ Regular disinfection of Showers and Wardrobes can contribute to
the prevention of athlete’s foot. Table on Pp. 70.
PROTOZOA
Protozoology_ is the study of Protozoa.
Characteristics:_ are unicellular microbes that do not have cell wall.
_ may be free living or parasitic.
_ are aerobic.
_ are eukaryotic cells, so have true nucleus.
Cont.
_ are mostly microscopic, but some are large enough to be seen with the
unaided eye.
_ locomotion is by pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, & direct cell movement.
_ some are sessile.
_ nutrition is : autotrophic_ by photosynthesis.
Heterotrophic_ depend on other organisms.
Saprozoic_ use dissolved nutrients in the surrounding medium.
_ habitat: could be aquatic or terrestrial.
Free living or Symbiotic mode of life.
Cont.
Reproduction: _ Asexually by fission, budding, and cysts.
_ Sexually by conjugation, or by syngamy ( union of male &
Female gametes to form a zygote).
Classification of Protozoa. Pp. 72.
1. Ciliates_ move by cilia.
_ Transverse fission is their asexual means of reproduction.
_ Conjugation is their sexual means of reproduction.
Eg. Balantidium coli, Paramecium, Stentor, Tetrahymena, Vorticella.
Cont.
2. Amoebae (Amebas)_ have Pseudopodia (false feet) for their movement.
_ Binary fission is their asexual means of reproduction.
_ when present, they involve flagellated sex cells for sexual reproduction.
Eg. Amoeba, Naegleria, Entamoeba histolytica.
3. Flagellates_ move by flagella.
_ Binary fission is their asexual means of reproduction.
_ have no sexual method of reproduction.
Eg. Chlamydomonas, Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas, Tryponosoma.
Cont.
4. Sporozoa_ are generally non-motile except for certain sex cells.
_ multiple fission is their asexual method of reproduction.
_ for their sexual reproduction, they involve flagellated sex cells.
Eg. Plasmodium, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium.
Diagram of common Protozoa on Pp 73.
Reproduction of Protozoa
Most are asexual, and reproduce in one of three ways:
a) Fission_ when a cell divides evenly to form two new cells.
b) Budding_ when a cell divides unevenly.
c) Multiple fission (Schizogony)_ when the nucleus of the cell divides multiple
times before the rest of the cell divides.
_ when the nucleus divides then each nuclei separates into a daughter cell.
Pp. 73-74.
Nutrition of Protozoa
Protists obtain food in one of the three ways:
_ Absorption_ Food is absorbed across the protists plasma membrane.
_ Ingestion_ their cilia creates a wave-like motion to move food into the mouth-like
opening in the protist called a cytosome. Eg. Paramecium.
_ Engulf_ pseudopods on the protist engulf food, then pull it into the cell using a
process called phagocytosis. Eg. Amoeba.
Food is digested in the vacuole. Waste products are excreted using a process
called exocytosis.
Common diseases caused by protozoa
Most are not harmful, even are beneficial; but few are disease causing.
1. Amoebiasis_ caused by Entamoeba histolytica.
_ affect intestine, liver.
_ through contaminated food and water.
2. Giardiasis_ caused by Giardia lamblia.
_ affect the intestine.
_ through fake ally contaminated water, person-to-person.
3. Trichomonas_ caused by Trichomonas vaginalis.
_ affect urogenital tube, through sexual contact.
Cont.
4. African sleeping sickness_ caused by Tripanosoma brucei.
_ affect blood, and brain.
_ Tsetse fly (Glossina) is the vector.
5. Leishmaniasis (Kalazar)_ caused by Leishmania Donovani.
_ affect WBC, skin, and intestine.
_ the vector is Sand fly (Phlemotomus).
6. Malaria_ caused by Plasmodium species.
_ affect liver, RBC.
_ the vector is Anophelus mosquito.
Cont.
7. Toxoplasmosis _ caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
_ affect blood, and eyes.
_ vectors are Domestic cats, food. Pp.75- 76.
VIRUSES
_ are small, obligate, intracellular particles.
_ most can be seen only with the electron microscope.
_ they must infect and take over a host cell in order to replicate.
_ they do not have cellular structures to generate energy and synthesize large
[Link] they must find appropriate host cell to replicate. Pp.78.
Cont.
Characteristics of Viruses:
_ have an inner core of nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat (= envelop).
_ can’t grow on artificial cell free media ( grow in animals, eggs, or tissue culture).
_ do not have cellular organization.
_ do not occur free in nature, but act as obligate intracellular parasite.
_ are dependent for replication on its host cell.
_ are unaffected by antibiotics.
_ are inert (nucleoprotein) filterable agents.
_ occupy a space between living and non-living, because they crystallized outside
the body of host.
Cont.
_ are obligate intracellular parasites of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, and
animals.
_ have ultra microscopic size, ranging from 20nm up to 450nm (in diameter).
_ do not independently fulfill the characteristics of life.
_ are inactive macromolecules outside the host cell, and active only inside host cell.
_basic structure consists of protein shell (capsid) surrounding nucleic acid (core), or
(Genome).
Core. + capsid = Nucleocapsid.
Cont.
_ nucleic acid of the viral genome is either DNA or RNA, but not both.
_ nucleic acid can be double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded
RNA, or single-stranded RNA.
_ molecules on virus surface impart high specificity for attachment to host cell.
_ they multiply by taking control of host cell’s genetic material and regulating the
synthesis and assembly of new viruses.
_ they lack machinery for synthesizing proteins.
_ Some viruses have ENVELOPE made up of glycoprotein & phospholipid bilayer.
Eg. HIV, Influenza virus.
Page 80.
Basic structural components of a Virus:
_ Core= the genomic material ( either DNA or RNA).
_ Capsid= protective coat of protein.
_ Nucleocapsid= core + capsid.
_ Envelop= additional lipoprotein layer around the [Link]. In HIV, Influenza virus.
_ Capsomeres= identical repeating subunits that builds the capsids.
_ some have ENZYMES for their infection process.
Eg. Some bacteriophages have LYSOZYME enzyme that make small hole
in bacterial cell.
_ Some have POLYMERASE enzyme to transcribe the viral genome.
Eg. Retroviruses_ have reverse transcriptase enzyme.
Viral symmetry
Viruses occur in three main shapes:
1. Helical symmetry_ ( Cylindrical)_ consist of identical protein subunits
assembled in a helical structure around the genome.
_ this forms a rigid nucleocapsid.
_ provides flexibility to the filaments. Eg. Tobacco mosaic virus, Sendai virus.
2. Icosahedral symmetry (polyhedral)_ the rigid structure provides protection to
the genome. Eg. Papovavirus, Picomavirus, Adenovirus, Togavirus.
3. Complex symmetry_ have a complex structural components.
Eg. Pox virus. Page 81.
Differences between DNA and RNA viruses:
DNA viruses_ have DNA as their genetic material.
_ are mostly double-stranded.
_ have less mutation rate.
_ replicate in the nucleus.
RNA viruses_ have RNA as their genetic material.
_ are mostly single-stranded.
_ have higher mutation rate.
_ replicate in the cytoplasm.
VIRUSES infect all cellular life forms.
Cont.
Classification of viruses is based on :
1. This type and characteristics of the viral genome.
2. the strategy of viral replication.
3. the type of organism they infect.
Virus Replication
has five main steps:
4. Adsorption_ attachment of viruses to host cells.
5. Penetration_ entry of viiron ( their genome) into host cells.
6. Synthesis_ of new nucleic acid, capsid and other components within host cells.
7. Maturation ( Assembly)_ of components into complete virus.
8. Release_ departure of new virions from host cells.
Page 84- 85.
( Table and Diagram).
Eg. Bacteriophages. Fig.2.27.
Bacteriophages ( Phages)
_ are viruses that infect bacterial cells. ( are obligate parasites).
_ have two different types of life cycle:
1. LYTIC CYCLE_ ( Virulent cycle)_ multiplication of the phage results in the lysis
of host bacteria, resulting in release of progeny virions.
_ the enzyme Lysozyme breaks down the cell wall, allowing viruses to escape.
_ the bacterial host cell is lysed. Eg. T4-viruses.
Pp.86. Fig. 2.28.
Cont.
2. LYSOGENIC CYCLE ( Temperate phages)_ phages integrate into the genome
0f the bacterial chromosome without causing any lysis of the bacteria.
_ the integrated phage nucleic acid is known as the PROPHAGE.
_ the prophage behaves like a segment of the host chromosome and
multiplies synchronously with it. Page 87.
Fig 2.29.
Differences between lytic and Lysogenic cycle:
1. In lytic cycle, DNA of the virus does not integrate into host DNA. But, in the
Lysogenic cycle, viral DNA integrates into the host DNA.
Cont.
2. In lytic cycle, the host DNA is hydrolysed. But, in Lysogenic cycle the host DNA
Is not hydrolysed.
3. In lytic cycle, there is no prophage stage. But, in Lysogenic cycle, there is
Prophage stage.
4. In lytic cycle, viral DNA replication takes place independently from the host
DNA replication. But, in Lysogenic cycle, viral DNA replication takes place along
with the host DNA replication.
5. Lytic cycle occurs within a short period of time. But, Lysogenic cycle takes time.
Cont.
6. In lytic cycle, symptoms of viral replication are evident. But,in Lysogenic cycle,
symptoms of viral replication are not evident.
7. In lytic cycle, genetic recombination in the host bacterium is not allowed. But in
Lysogenic cycle, genetic recombination in the host bacterium is allowed.
8. The cellular mechanism of the host cell is totally undertaken by the viral genome.
But it is somewhat disturbed by the viral genome In the Lysogenic cycle.
Common viral diseases in Ethiopia